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J Infect Dis 2002 Sep 15;186(6):869-71
 

Vaccination of Corticosteroid Immunosuppressed Mice against Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis.

Ito JI, Lyons JM

Department of Infectious Diseases, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010, USA. jito@coh.org

[Medline record in process]
 

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is an emerging devastating infection in the immunocompromised host that is treated with corticosteroids for neoplastic disease or for organ transplantation. By use of a model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in corticosteroid-treated CF-1 mice, prior infection and 2 Aspergillus fumigatus vaccine preparations (sonicate and filtrate) administered intranasally and subcutaneously were tested for efficacy in protecting against subsequent lethal A. fumigatus infection. The mortality rates were as follows: control subjects, 100%; prior infection, 12.5%; sonicate administered intranasally, 29%; sonicate given subcutaneously, 0%; filtrate given intranasally, 75%; and filtrate given subcutaneously, 50%. Prior infection and A. fumigatus sonicate vaccine administered by 2 routes protected corticosteroid-treated animals against subsequent lethal invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. The sonicate vaccine was more protective, but the subcutaneous route was more effective.

PMID: 12198627, UI: 22186874

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J Infect Dis 2002 Sep 15;186(6):807-14
 

Kinetics of delayed-type hypersensitivity to tuberculin induced by bacille calmette-guerin vaccination in northern Malawi.

Floyd S, Ponnighaus JM, Bliss L, Nkhosa P, Sichali L, Msiska G, Fine PE

Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom. sian.floyd@lshtm.ac.uk

[Medline record in process]
 

During 1986-1989, a bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine trial was carried out in northern Malawi. The effects of age, sex, and prevaccination delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) on the time course of the DTH response over 1-36 months after vaccination were studied in 2418 persons. DTH response increased rapidly, to peak at 31-90 days after vaccination, when most persons had a measurable response. This was followed by a marked decline by 181-365 days, particularly in those <15 years old at vaccination, followed by a more gradual decline. Prevaccination DTH was the single best predictor of postvaccination DTH. BCG-induced DTH responsiveness appears to decline more rapidly in tropical than in temperate environments. This may reflect high prevalence of exposure to other infections, which induce a Th2 bias or compete for "space" within the T lymphocyte compartment. The inability of some persons to mount a persistent DTH response probably reflects genetic background and/or environmental exposure history.

PMID: 12198615, UI: 22186862

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J Infect Dis 2002 Aug 15;186(4):501-10
 

Lethal Shock Induced by Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin A in Mice Transgenic for Human Leukocyte Antigen-DQ8 and Human CD4 Receptors: Implications for Development of Vaccines and Therapeutics.

Welcher BC, Carra JH, DaSilva L, Hanson J, David CS, Aman MJ, Bavari S

Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA. bwelche@mail.nih.gov

[Medline record in process]
 

Streptococcal and staphylococcal infections result in significant human morbidity and mortality. This study used a transgenic murine model expressing human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and human CD4 in which, without additional toxic sensitization, human-like responses to the bacterial superantigen (SAg) streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A (SpeA) could be simulated, as determined by studying multiple biologic effects of the SAgs in vivo. Expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ8 rendered the mice susceptible to SpeA-induced lethal shock that was accompanied by massive cytokine production and marked elevation of serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferase levels. Of importance, this model enabled examination of the efficacy of an engineered non-SAg vaccine candidate against SpeA in the context of HLA. This report is thought to be the first of a lethal shock triggered in mice by bacterial SAgs without prior sensitization and examination of a vaccine against streptococcal SAg in the context of human MHC receptors.

PMID: 12195377, UI: 22182932

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J Infect Dis 2002 Sep 1;186(5):634-643
 

Discontinuation of Antiretroviral Therapy Commenced Early during the Course of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection, with or without Adjunctive Vaccination.

Markowitz M, Jin X, Hurley A, Simon V, Ramratnam B, Louie M, Deschenes GR, Jr MR, Barsoum S, Vanderhoeven J, He T, Chung C, Murray J, Perelson AS, Zhang L, Ho DD

Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA. mmarkowitz@adarc.org

[Record supplied by publisher]
 

Sixteen subjects were treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy within 120 days of the onset of symptoms of newly acquired human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Eleven of the 16 participated in an adjunctive therapeutic vaccine trial. After a mean of 3.2 years of treatment, they elected to discontinue therapy. Virus rebound occurred in all subjects and was followed by a spontaneous, transient although significant reduction in log plasma HIV-1 RNA level, ranging from 0.3 to 3.1 log(10) copies/mL. Despite evidence of the induction of HIV-1-specific cell-mediated immune responses, plasma viremia was not persistently suppressed to <500 copies/mL in any subject. The magnitude and dynamics of virus rebound were similar in both vaccinated and unvaccinated subjects. Nevertheless, given the transient suppression of viremia observed in nearly all subjects after treatment has been discontinued, further investigations of adjunctive vaccination with optimized antiretroviral therapy in treating HIV-1 infection are warranted.

PMID: 12195350

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J Virol 2002 Aug;76(16):8472-4
 

Molecular basis of the attenuation exhibited by molecularly cloned highly passaged chicken anemia virus isolates.

Todd D, Scott AN, Ball NW, Borghmans BJ, Adair BM

Department of Agriculture and Rural Development for Northern Ireland, Veterinary Sciences Division, the Queen's University of Belfast, Stormont, United Kingdom. Daniel.Todd@dardni.gov.uk

Chimeric virus experiments indicated that the pathogenicity and monoclonal antibody reactivity differences between two molecularly cloned, highly passaged chicken anemia virus isolates could be attributed to the VP1 amino acid change at residue 89. The introduction of this change into a pathogenic cloned low-passage isolate was not sufficient to cause attenuation.

PMID: 12134051, UI: 22129265

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J Virol 2002 Aug;76(16):8110-7
 

Heterologous protection induced by the inner capsid proteins of rotavirus requires transcytosis of mucosal immunoglobulins.

Schwartz-Cornil I, Benureau Y, Greenberg H, Hendrickson BA, Cohen J

U892 INRA, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France. schwartz@jouy.inra.fr

Protective immunization against rotavirus (RV) can be achieved with heterologous RV, i.e., virus isolated from another species, and with heterologous inner core VP2 and VP6 proteins assembled as virus-like particles (VLP). Although the antigenically conserved VP6 protein does not induce in vitro-neutralizing antibodies, it may, however, elicit immunoglobulins (Ig) involved in heterologous protection, as some IgA against VP6 prevent RV infection in a backpack mouse model. The protective role of Ig directed to the RV inner core proteins VP2 and VP6 was investigated in J-chain-deficient mice (J chain(-/-)), which have a defect in the polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR)-mediated transcytosis of IgA and IgM. J chain(-/-) mice and wild-type (WT) mice were intranasally vaccinated with bovine RV-derived VLP2/6 and then challenged with highly infectious murine ECw RV. Whereas WT mice were totally protected, immunized J chain(-/-) mice shed RV for several days. In addition, naive J chain(-/-) mice exhibited a 2-day delay in clearing RV compared with WT mice. The immunized J chain(-/-) mice displayed unaltered VLP2/6-specific B-cell numbers in spleen and in mesenteric nodes and similar levels of serum anti-VLP2/6 Ig, confirming that the adaptive B-cell response is preserved in J chain(-/-) mice. These results indicate that J-chain-mediated transcytosis of Ig participates in the clearance of RV and that epithelial pIgR-mediated transport of Ig is involved in the heterologous protection induced by VLP2/6.

PMID: 12134016, UI: 22129230

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JAMA 2002 Aug 28;288(8):954
 

From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Resumption of routine schedule for varicella vaccine.

PMID: 12201276, UI: 22188103

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JAMA 2002 Aug 28;288(8):953-4
 

From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Resumption of routine schedule for diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine and for measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine.

PMID: 12201275, UI: 22188101

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MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002 Aug 2;51(30):667-8
 

Impact of vaccine shortage on diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine coverage rates among children aged 24 months--Puerto Rico, 2002.

Rivera A, Orengo JC, Rivera AL, Rodriguez C, Calderon E, Rullan J, Yusuf H, Rodewald L

Puerto Rico Dept of Health, USA.

PMID: 12197213, UI: 22185069

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MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002 Aug 2;51(30):664-6
 

National, state, and urban area vaccination coverage levels among children aged 19-35 months--United States, 2001.

Barker L, Luman E, Zhao Z, Smith P, Linkins R, Santoli J, Rodewald L, McCauley M

PMID: 12197212, UI: 22185068

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N Engl J Med 2002 Aug 29;347(9):689-90; discussion 689-90
 

Responses to smallpox vaccine.

Frelinger JA, Garba ML

Publication Types:
 

• Comment
• Letter

PMID: 12201305, UI: 22189256

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N Engl J Med 2002 Aug 29;347(9):691-2; discussion 691-2
 

Smallpox and smallpox vaccination.

Lane JM

Publication Types:
 

• Comment
• Letter

PMID: 12200562, UI: 22189065

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N Engl J Med 2002 Aug 29;347(9):689-90; discussion 689-90
 

Responses to smallpox vaccine.

Sauri MA

Publication Types:
 

• Comment
• Letter

PMID: 12200560, UI: 22189063

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Science 2002 Aug 23;297(5585):1277-8; discussion 1277-8
 

Envelope-based HIV vaccines.

Donnelly JJ, Barnett SW, Dorenbaum A, Stamatatos L

[Medline record in process]
 

Publication Types:
 

• Comment
• Letter

PMID: 12194177, UI: 22181868

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Science 2002 Aug 23;297(5585):1276-7
 

Alternative HIV vaccine strategies.

Lehner T, Shearer GM

[Medline record in process]
 

Publication Types:
 

• Comment
• Letter

PMID: 12194176, UI: 22181863

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