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J Immunol 2002 Oct 15;169(8):4222-9
 

Direct Priming and Cross-Priming Contribute Differentially to the Induction of CD8(+) CTL Following Exposure to Vaccinia Virus Via Different Routes.

Shen X, Wong SB, Buck CB, Zhang J, Siliciano RF

Programs in. Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Graduate Program in Immunology and Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205.

[Medline record in process]
 

To explore the relative importance of direct presentation vs cross-priming in the induction of CTL responses to viruses and viral vectors, we generated a recombinant vaccinia vector, vUS11, expressing the human CMV (HCMV) protein US11. US11 dislocates most allelic forms of human and murine MHC class I heavy chains from the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol, where they are degraded by proteasomes. Expression of US11 dramatically decreased the presentation of viral Ag and CTL recognition of infected cells in vitro without significantly reducing total cell surface MHC class I levels. However, because US11 is an endoplasmic reticulum resident membrane protein, it cannot block presentation by non-infected cells that take up Ag through the cross-priming pathway. We show that the expression of US11 strongly inhibits the induction of primary CD8(+) CTLs when the infection occurs via the i.p. or i.v. route, demonstrating that direct priming is critical for the induction of CTL responses to viral infections introduced via these routes. This effect is less dramatic following i.m. infection and is minimal after s.c. or intradermal infection. Thus, classic MHC class I Ag presentation and cross-priming contribute differentially to the induction of CD8(+) CTLs following exposure to vaccinia virus via different routes.

PMID: 12370352, UI: 22257661

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J Virol 2002 Nov 1;76(21):10921-10928
 

Isolation of an Intertypic Poliovirus Capsid Recombinant from a Child with Vaccine-Associated Paralytic Poliomyelitis.

Martin J, Samoilovich E, Dunn G, Lackenby A, Feldman E, Heath A, Svirchevskaya E, Cooper G, Yermalovich M, Minor PD

Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom. Department of Epidemiology and Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Minsk, Republic of Belarus.

[Record supplied by publisher]
 

The isolation of a capsid intertypic poliovirus recombinant from a child with vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis is described. Virus 31043 had a Sabin-derived type 3-type 2-type 1 recombinant genome with a 5'-end crossover point within the capsid coding region. The result was a poliovirus chimera containing the entire coding sequence for antigenic site 3a derived from the Sabin type 2 strain. The recombinant virus showed altered antigenic properties but did not acquire type 2 antigenic characteristics. The significance of the presence in nature of such poliovirus chimeras and the consequences for the current efforts to detect potentially dangerous vaccine-derived poliovirus strains are discussed in the context of the global polio eradication initiative.

PMID: 12368335

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JAMA 2002 Sep 25;288(12):1471-2
 

Effect of sleep deprivation on response to immunization.

Spiegel K, Sheridan JF, Van Cauter E

Publication Types:
 

• Letter

PMID: 12243633, UI: 22229626

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Lancet 2002 Aug 24;360(9333):645
 

The importance of herd immunity against infection.

Pigott N, Novelli V, Pooboni S, Firmin R, Goldman A

Publication Types:
 

• Comment
• Letter

PMID: 12241962, UI: 22227124

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Lancet 2002 Aug 24;360(9333):644-5
 

Sustained outbreak of W135 meningococcal disease in east London, UK.

Wilder-Smith A, Barkham TM, Paton NI

Publication Types:
 

• Comment
• Letter

PMID: 12241961, UI: 22227123

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Lancet 2002 Aug 24;360(9333):644
 

Sustained outbreak of W135 meningococcal disease in east London, UK.

Klaber R, Booy R, El Bashir H, Mifsud A, Taylor S

Publication Types:
 

• Comment
• Letter

PMID: 12241960, UI: 22227122

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Lancet 2002 Aug 31;360(9334):717
 

Measles elimination in southern Africa.

Suzuki H, Sakai T, Saito R, Seki N

Publication Types:
 

• Comment
• Letter

PMID: 12241895, UI: 22227167

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Lancet 2002 Aug 31;360(9334):716-7
 

Measles elimination in southern Africa.

Arya SC, Agarwal N

Publication Types:
 

• Comment
• Letter

PMID: 12241894, UI: 22227166

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Lancet 2002 Aug 31;360(9334):657-8
 

Pertussis in developed countries.

Robbins JB, Schneerson R, Trollfors B

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. robbinsjo@mail.nih.gov

PMID: 12241870, UI: 22227142

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MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002 Sep 20;51(37):831-3
 

Progress toward poliomyelitis eradication--India, Bangladesh, and Nepal, January 2001-June 2002.

Since the World Health Assembly resolved in May 1988 to eradicate poliomyelitis, the estimated incidence of polio has decreased >99%, and three World Health Organization (WHO) regions (American, Western Pacific, and European) have been certified polio free. Member countries of the South-East Asia Region (SEAR) of WHO began accelerating polio eradication activities in 1994 and since then have made substantial progress toward that goal. By January 2001, indigenous wild poliovirus transmission in SEAR was limited to northern India, with ongoing poliovirus transmission posing a continuing threat to Bangladesh and Nepal. This report summarizes progress towards polio eradication in India, Bangladesh, and Nepal during January 2001-June 2002 and highlights the remaining challenges to eradicating polio in these countries.

PMID: 12353744, UI: 22240736

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Vaccine 2002 Mar 15;20(13-14):1823-30
 

Immune response to synthetic peptides of dengue prM protein.

Vazquez S, Guzman MG, Guillen G, Chinea G, Perez AB, Pupo M, Rodriguez R, Reyes O, Garay HE, Delgado I, Garcia G, Alvarez M

Virology Department, "Pedro Kouri" Tropical Medicine Institute, Autopista Novia del Mediodia, km 6, P.O. Box Marianao 13, Havana, Cuba. svazquez@ipk.sld.cu

The immunological activities of five synthetic peptides of the prM protein of dengue-2 (DEN-2) virus containing B cell epitopes were evaluated in BALB/c mice. Two peptides elicited neutralizing antibodies against all four DEN serotypes. Virus-specific proliferative responses were demonstrated in mice immunized with four of the five peptides, demonstrating the presence of T cell epitopes. Mice immunized with three of the five peptides conjugated with bovine albumin showed statistically significant levels (P<0.05) of protection when challenged with DEN-2 virus. These results could constitute the basis for the establishment of the role of DEN virus pre and M antigens in the development of anti-flaviviral vaccines.

PMID: 11906771, UI: 21905110

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Vaccine 2002 Mar 15;20(13-14):1754-60
 

The outer membrane proteins UspA1 and UspA2 of Moraxella catarrhalis are highly conserved in nasopharyngeal isolates from young children.

Meier PS, Troller R, Grivea IN, Syrogiannopoulos GA, Aebi C

Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbuehlstrasse 51, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.

UspA1 and UspA2 of Moraxella catarrhalis are vaccine candidates. The aims of this study were to determine: (1) the frequencies of occurrence and (2) the degrees of conservation of two surface-exposed epitopes of the uspA1 and uspA2 genes and their respective gene products in 108 nasopharyngeal isolates from young children. The uspA1 and uspA2 genes were detected in 107 (99%) and 108 (100%) isolates, respectively. Twenty-three of 108 uspA2 genes (21%) were identified as the variant gene uspA2H. One-hundred and five isolates (97%) expressed the mAb17C7-reactive epitope shared by UspA1 and UspA2, and 103 isolates (95%) reacted with the UspA1-specific mAb24B5. The only isolate which lacked a uspA1 gene demonstrated reduced adherence to HEp-2 cells and complement sensitivity. The data indicate that both uspA genes and the expression of at least two surface-exposed epitopes are virtually ubiquitous in isolates from a population at risk for otitis media. A vaccine capable of inducing a bactericidal immune response against the mAb17C7- and/or mAb24B5-reactive epitopes appears promising.

PMID: 11906762, UI: 21905101

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Vaccine 2002 Mar 15;20(13-14):1741-53
 

Systemic and intestinal antibody secreting cell responses and protection in gnotobiotic pigs immunized orally with attenuated Wa human rotavirus and Wa 2/6-rotavirus-like-particles associated with immunostimulating complexes.

Iosef C, Van Nguyen T, Jeong K, Bengtsson K, Morein B, Kim Y, Chang KO, Azevedo MS, Yuan L, Nielsen P, Saif LJ

Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691-4096, USA.

The undesirable side effects and variable efficacy of some oral live rotavirus vaccines in infants have necessitated alternative vaccine approaches. We evaluated a recombinant RFVP2/WaVP6 rotavirus-like-particle (2/6VLP) oral vaccine, using an immunostimulating complex (ISCOM) matrix as adjuvant, in a gnotobiotic (Gn) pig model of human rotavirus (HRV) disease. The 2/6VLPs adhered to the ISCOM-matrix (2/6VLP-ISCOM ) and were antigenic, but they failed to induce protection. However, when combined with attenuated (Att) HRV for oral priming, the 2/6VLP-ISCOM vaccine was effective as a booster and induced partial protection against virulent Wa HRV. The 250 microg 2/6VLP dose was more effective than 100 microg. The highest mean numbers of IgA antibody secreting cells evaluated by ELISPOT in intestinal lymphoid tissues were in pigs receiving AttHRV+2/6VLP-ISCOM or three doses of AttHRV and were associated with the highest protection rates.

PMID: 11906761, UI: 21905100

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Vaccine 2002 Mar 15;20(13-14):1733-40
 

The level of protection against rotavirus shedding in mice following immunization with a chimeric VP6 protein is dependent on the route and the coadministered adjuvant.

Choi AH, McNeal MM, Flint JA, Basu M, Lycke NY, Clements JD, Bean JA, Davis HL, McCluskie MJ, VanCott JL, Ward RL

Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Medical Center, The Children's Hospital Research Foundation, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA. anthony.choi@chmcc.org

Intranasal (i.n.) immunization of BALB/c mice with chimeric murine rotavirus EDIM (epizootic diarrhea of infant mice) VP6 and attenuated E. coli heat-labile toxin (LT), LT(R192G), stimulated >99% protection against rotavirus shedding after EDIM challenge. Here, we evaluated other potential adjuvants with chimeric VP6 administered by two mucosal routes: i.n. and oral. Besides LT(R192G), the adjuvants examined included Adjumer, CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN), chimeric A1 subunit of cholera toxin (CTA1)-DD, and QS-21. All except QS-21 significantly (P<0.05) increased VP6-specific serum IgG responses after i.n. immunization, but none significantly increased these responses when administered orally. The i.n. delivery of chimeric VP6 alone induced both rotavirus IgG1 and IgG2a whose relative titers suggested a skewed Th2-like response. Inclusion of Adjumer greatly increased Th2-like responses, while CpG ODN shifted the response to a less Th2-like response. The adjuvants CTA1-DD, LT(R192G), QS-21 had no significant effect on ratios of IgG1/IgG2a titers. Following EDIM challenge of mice immunized i.n. with chimeric VP6 and either LT(R192G), CTA1-DD, Adjumer or CpG ODN, shedding was reduced >99, 95, 80, 74, respectively, relative to that found in unimmunized mice (P<0.05). QS-21 induced less protection (43%, not significant (N.S.)) while immunization with chimeric VP6 alone reduced shedding by only 16% (N.S.). Oral immunization with chimeric VP6 and all selected adjuvants except QS-21 was less effective than after i.n. immunization, with protection levels of 94 (P<0.05), 71 (P<0.05), 55, 35 and 28% for LT(R192G), QS-21, CpG ODN, CTA1-DD, and Adjumer, respectively, while immunization with chimeric VP6 alone gave no protection. Thus, different adjuvants induced different degrees of protection and oral immunization was generally less effective then the i.n. route.

PMID: 11906760, UI: 21905099

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Vaccine 2002 Mar 15;20(13-14):1711-7
 

Distribution of pertussis antibodies among different age groups in Japan.

Konda T, Kamachi K, Iwaki M, Matsunaga Y

Department of Bacterial and Blood Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan. konda@nih.go.jp

We examined the distribution of antibody levels against pertussis toxin (PT) and filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) among a healthy Japanese population aged from 0 to 77 years. Levels of both antibodies in 1108 serum samples collected in 1994 from nine prefectures were assayed using polystyrene ball ELISA. The ratio of individuals positive (>or=10 ELISA U/ml) for anti-PT and anti-FHA antibodies at ages ranging from 0 to 3 years increased rapidly with the increase in the population vaccinated over three times with acellular pertussis (aP) vaccine. However, the ratio of those positive for anti-PT antibody tended to decrease until 6-8 years of age and to increase again from 9 to 19 years among the vaccinated population, although the ratio of individuals positive for anti-FHA antibody remained constant at 80-100% in children and adolescents over 3 years old. Moreover, positivity for anti-PT antibody was high (>or=50 ELISA U/ml) in some serum samples collected from adolescents and young adults, suggesting recent symptomatic or asymptomatic infection with circulating Bordetella pertussis. On the other hand, 50-60% of infants below 12 months of age was below the detection limit (1.0 ELISA U/ml) for anti-PT and anti-FHA antibodies, and most early infants were not vaccinated for pertussis. Since intermittent circulation of B. pertussis remains among the Japanese population, complete vaccination with aP vaccine for all infants should be highly recommended to prevent pertussis.

PMID: 11906757, UI: 21905096

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