Other Formats:

Order this document

Clin Infect Dis 2002 Nov 15;35(10):1147-54
 

Efficacy of atovaquone/proguanil for malaria prophylaxis in children and its effect on the immunogenicity of live oral typhoid and cholera vaccines.

Faucher JF, Binder R, Missinou MA, Matsiegui PB, Gruss H, Neubauer R, Lell B, Que JU, Miller GB, Kremsner PG

Medical Research Unit, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambarene, Gabon.

[Medline record in process]
 

A double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted to measure the impact of malaria prophylaxis with atovaquone/proguanil (A-P) on the immunogenicity of vaccines against typhoid fever and cholera, Salmonella serotype Typhi Ty21a and Vibrio cholerae CVD103-HgR, respectively. A total of 330 Gabonese schoolchildren were assigned to receive either A-P or placebo for 12 weeks. Vaccination occurred 3 weeks after the start of prophylaxis, and immunogenicity was assessed 4 weeks after vaccination. The protective efficacy of A-P against Plasmodium falciparum malaria was of 97% (95% confidence interval, 79%-100%). The 2 treatment groups did not differ significantly with regard to changes in antibody titers after vaccination (P=.96 for anti-S. Typhi IgG antibodies, P=.07 for anti-S. Typhi IgA antibodies, and P=.64 for vibriocidal antibodies). The A-P combination was highly effective for malaria prophylaxis, without interfering with the in vivo immunogenicity of CVD103-HgR and Ty21a vaccines, and it could therefore be simultaneously administered with these vaccines.

PMID: 12410473, UI: 22296682

Other Formats:

Order this document

Indian Pediatr 2002 Sep;39(9):880-1; discussion 881
 

B.C.G. and T.T.

Sanklecha M

Publication Types:
 

• Comment
• Letter

PMID: 12368541, UI: 22254097

Other Formats:
Links:

Order this document

J Immunol 2002 Sep 15;169(6):3293-300
 

Enhanced type 1 immunity after secondary viral challenge in mice primed as neonates.

Fadel SA, Ozaki DA, Sarzotti M

Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.

The goal of infant immunization against viral infection is to develop protective long term memory responses. Priming neonatal mice with a low dose of Cas-Br-E murine leukemia virus (Cas) results in adult-like, type 1 protective responses. However, other studies suggest that Ag priming of neonates leads to an increase in type 2 secondary responses even when primary responses were type 1. We assessed whether type 1 CD8+ T cell-mediated responses developed in murine neonates are maintained after secondary challenge with Cas in adulthood. Despite the induction of significant anti-viral CD8+-mediated cytotoxic T lymphocyte and IFN-gamma responses, initial neonatal priming led to a lower frequency of virus-specific T cells compared with adult priming. Adult frequencies were reached in mice primed as neonates only after secondary challenge in adulthood. A nonspecific and transient CD4+-mediated IL-4 response was present in all groups after secondary challenge with Cas or medium, indicating that this rise in type 2 cytokine production was not unique to mice that had been primed as neonates. Rather, type 1 anti-viral memory CD8+ T cell responses developed in neonatal mice are stable, protective, and enhanced after secondary challenge.

PMID: 12218149, UI: 22206871

Other Formats:
Links:

Order this document

J Immunol 2002 Sep 15;169(6):3275-83
 

Induction of CD8+ T lymphocytes by Salmonella typhimurium is independent of Salmonella pathogenicity island 1-mediated host cell death.

Wijburg OL, Van Rooijen N, Strugnell RA

Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Cooperative Research Center for Vaccine Technology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Melbourne, Australia. odilia@unimelb.edu.au

Salmonella are intracellular bacterial pathogens that reside and replicate inside macrophages, and attenuated strains of Salmonella typhimurium can be used to deliver heterologous Ags for MHC class I and/or MHC class II-restricted presentation. Recently, it was shown that invasion of macrophages by S. typhimurium may result in the death of host macrophages via a mechanism harboring features of apoptotic and necrotic cell death. However, it is unknown whether this bacterial-induced host cell death affects immunity. In addition, it has been hypothesized that macrophage death following infection with S. typhimurium and subsequent uptake of apoptotic cells by APC are fundamental to the induction of CTL responses. In this study we investigated the in vivo induction of Ag-specific CD8+ T lymphocyte responses and compared CD8+ T lymphocyte responses elicited with S. typhimurium strains carrying a mutation in their invA gene, and therefore an inability to induce Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1)-mediated macrophage death, with responses elicited by an attenuated deltaaroAD strain. Ag-specific CD8+ T lymphocyte responses were analyzed using IFN-gamma ELISPOT, tetramer binding, and in vivo and in vitro CTL assays. Our results showed that deltaaroAD and deltaaroADdeltainvA induced comparable levels of Ag-specific CD8+ T lymphocyte responses as well as protective, Ag-specific B and CD4+ T lymphocyte immunity. Furthermore, experiments in macrophage-depleted mice showed that CD8+ T lymphocyte responses were effectively induced in the absence of macrophages. Together, our results imply that in this infection model, SPI-1-mediated cell death does not affect the immunological defense response and is not important for the induction of CD8+ T lymphocyte responses.

PMID: 12218147, UI: 22206869

Other Formats:

Order this document

J Infect Dis 2002 Nov 15;186(10):1487-9
 

Second-Year Follow-up Evaluation of Live, Attenuated Human Rotavirus Vaccine 89-12 in Healthy Infants.

Bernstein DI, Sack DA, Reisinger K, Rothstein E, Ward RL

Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. david.bernstein@cchmc.org

[Medline record in process]
 

Rotavirus vaccine development is a high priority. The association between the tetravalent rhesus-human reassortant rotavirus vaccine and intussusception has increased the need to develop new vaccines. In a small efficacy trial, the human rotavirus vaccine 89-12 recently has been shown to be safe and effective; 184 of the 215 healthy infants initially enrolled in this trial were followed for a second year. Vaccine efficacy during the second year was 59% (P=.047). For the 2 years of observation, vaccine efficacy was 76% against rotavirus gastroenteritis, 83% against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis, and 100% against rotavirus illnesses requiring medical intervention (P<.001 for each). These encouraging results have led to continued evaluation, in several countries, of a vaccine candidate derived from strain 89-12.

PMID: 12404166, UI: 22292004

Other Formats:

Order this document

J Infect Dis 2002 Nov 1;186(9):1358-61
 

Combinations of protein polysaccharide conjugate vaccines for intranasal immunization.

Ugozzoli M, Mariani M, Del Giudice G, Soenawan E, O'Hagan DT

Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California, USA.

[Medline record in process]
 

The ability of 2 mutants of heat-labile Escherichia coli enterotoxin (LTK63 and LTR72) to enhance the immunogenicity of 2 protein polysaccharide conjugate vaccines, Neisseria meningitidis group C (MenC) and Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib), both of which are conjugated to the nontoxic mutant of diphtheria toxin (CRM197), after intranasal (inl) immunization in mice was evaluated. In addition, the question of whether combining both vaccines in a single formulation with heat-labile E. coli enterotoxin mutants reduced the response to either vaccine was investigated. The results showed that potent serum antibody responses against MenC and Hib could be elicited by inl immunization in combination with the mucosal adjuvants. Moreover, IgA mucosal responses were induced only in animals immunized through the inl route. Finally, the coadministration of 2 conjugate vaccines simultaneously did not adversely affect the responses against either. These studies support the rationale for developing mucosal vaccines, based on combining protein polysaccharide conjugates with heat-labile E. coli enterotoxin mutants, for infants and young children.

PMID: 12402209, UI: 22289506

Other Formats:

J Infect Dis 2002 Nov 1;186(9):1353-1357
 

Antibody Persistence and Immunological Memory at Age 4 Years after Meningococcal Group C Conjugate Vaccination in Children in the United Kingdom.

Borrow R, Goldblatt D, Andrews N, Southern J, Ashton L, Deane S, Morris R, Cartwright K, Miller E

Public Health Laboratory Service Meningococcal Reference Unit, Withington Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom. rborrow@nw.phls.org.uk

[Record supplied by publisher]
 

Antibody persistence and immunological priming for 2 formulations of a meningococcal group C (menC) conjugate (MCC) vaccine (containing 2 or 10 &mgr;g of menC polysaccharide) administered at 2, 3, and 4 months of age was investigated by boosting vaccine recipients at age 13-16 months or 4 years with 10 &mgr;g of unconjugated menC polysaccharide. At age 4 years, geometric mean titers (GMTs) and concentrations of menC-specific immunoglobulin G and serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) had decreased to prevaccination levels. Geometric mean avidity indices increased after the primary vaccination until age 13-16 months and then remained constant until age 4 years. One month after boosting at age 4 years, menC immunoglobulin G and SBA levels increased significantly. The postbooster SBA GMT for the 2-&mgr;g vaccination (2181.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 975.9-4875.1) was 2-fold higher than that for the 10-&mgr;g vaccination (931.6; 95% CI, 338.0-2568.1). This is the first demonstration of immunological memory at 4 years of age in children receiving MCC vaccine on the United Kingdom's 2/3/4-month immunization schedule.

PMID: 12402208

Other Formats:

Order this document

J Infect Dis 2002 Nov 1;186(9):1242-52
 

Preparation of clinical-grade recombinant canarypox-human immunodeficiency virus vaccine-loaded human dendritic cells.

Marovich MA, Mascola JR, Eller MA, Louder MK, Caudrelier PA, El-Habib R, Ratto-Kim S, Cox JH, Currier JR, Levine BL, June CH, Bernstein WB, Robb ML, Schuler-Thurner B, Steinman RM, Birx DL, Schlesinger-Frankel S

Division of Retrovirology, US Military HIV Research Program, Rockville, Maryland, USA. mmarovich@hivresearch.org

[Medline record in process]
 

Preclinical data are reported that support a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine strategy using recombinant canarypox-HIV vectors (ALVAC-HIV) to load human dendritic cells (DCs) with HIV antigens. Clinical-grade DCs were infected with good manufacturing practice-grade ALVAC-HIV vaccine constructs. ALVAC infection, HIV gene expression, and DC viability and function were monitored by use of immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, blastogenesis assays, antigen-specific interferon (IFN)-gamma enzyme-linked immunospot assay, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay protein detection. The vaccines infected both immature and mature DCs, and intracellular HIV-1 Gag protein was detected within hours. ALVAC-HIV induced DC maturation that was mediated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and induced DC apoptosis that was directly related to the length of vaccine exposure. Of importance, the infected DCs remained functional in T cell stimulation assays and induced HIV antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell production of IFN-gamma from cells of HIV-1-infected individuals. These data support an ongoing HIV vaccine trial comparing conventional vaccine delivery routes with ex vivo vaccine-loaded autologous DCs for immunogenicity in HIV-1-uninfected volunteers.

PMID: 12402193, UI: 22289490

Other Formats:

Order this document

Lancet 2002 Oct 19;360(9341):1243-5
 

The future of dengue vaccines.

Halstead SB, Deen J

Department of Preventive Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA

[Medline record in process]
 

PMID: 12401270, UI: 22289615

Other Formats:

Order this document

MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002 Oct 18;51(41):931
 

Pneumococcal vaccination for cochlear implant recipients.

[Medline record in process]
 

PMID: 12408148, UI: 22293341

Other Formats:

Order this document

Nat Med 2002 Nov;8(11):1195-6
 

New hope for Alzheimer disease vaccine.

Haass C

Adolf-Butenandt Institute, Department of Biochemistry Laboratory for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease Research Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany chaass@pbm.med.uni-muenchen.de

[Medline record in process]
 

PMID: 12411936, UI: 22300402

Other Formats:

Order this document

Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002 Oct;21(10):978-9
 

Dose escalation, safety and immunogenicity study of a tetravalent meninogococcal polysaccharide diphtheria conjugate vaccine in toddlers.

Rennels M, King J Jr, Ryall R, Manoff S, Papa T, Weddle A, Froeschle J

Center for Vaccine Development and Department of Pediatrics University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA.

[Medline record in process]
 

Two injections of tetravalent (Groups A, C, Y and W-135) meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine conjugated to diphtheria were given to 30 toddlers at dosages of 1, 4 and 10 microg/ml polysaccharide of each serogroup. Reactogenicity was acceptable at all dosages. The 4-microg/ml dose appears to be immunologically optimal.

PMID: 12400528, UI: 22285756

Other Formats:
Links:

Order this document

Science 2002 Oct 4;298(5591):57
 

Smallpox and public health: a reality check.

Merkle PB

Publication Types:
 

• Comment
• Letter

PMID: 12365436, UI: 22251473

Other Formats:

Order this document

Vaccine 2002 May 15;20(16):2082-90
 

Preparation and characterisation of attenuated cold-adapted influenza A reassortants derived from the A/Leningrad/134/17/57 donor strain.

Wareing MD, Marsh GA, Tannock GA

Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Biology, RMIT University, P.O. Box 71, Bundoora, Vic. 3083, Australia.

The development of a rapid cell culture method for the preparation of cold-adapted (ca) influenza A reassortant viruses is described and compared with a currently used egg method. Mixtures of the ca donor A/Leningrad/134/17/57-ca (A/Len/17) and A/Beijing/32/92 (A/Beij/32), a recent H3N2 epidemic strain, were used to co-infect chicken embryo kidney (CEK) cell cultures; reassortant progeny were selected using an infectious centre assay. The assay was capable of detecting interference where the infectivity ratio for A/Len/17 and A/Beij/32 was 1:7. Progeny viruses were characterised genetically by amplification of defined regions within each of the six internal genes by PCR and identification of the products by restriction enzyme analysis. Reassortants were also tested for ca and temperature-sensitive (ts) phenotype and the identity of the surface antigens. The infectious centre assay was shown to be an effective method for isolating reassortant progeny that possessed the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase surface antigens of A/Beij/32. Reassortants with the six internal genes derived from the donor strain and possessing the ca and ts phenotype were readily obtained when (a) an infectivity ratio of 1:49 was used and (b) two plaque-to-plaque isolations of progeny virus were made after growth at 25 degrees C and one at 34 degrees C, both in the presence of antiserum to the donor strain.

PMID: 11972977, UI: 21970345

Other Formats:

Order this document

Vaccine 2002 May 15;20(16):2027-44
 

Immunization against dental caries.

Koga T, Oho T, Shimazaki Y, Nakano Y

Department of Preventive Dentistry, Kyushu University Faculty of Dental Science, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.

Dental caries is one of the most common infectious diseases. Of the oral bacteria, mutans streptococci, such as Streptococcus mutans and S. sobrinus, are considered to be causative agents of dental caries in humans. There have been numerous studies of the immunology of mutans streptococci. To control dental caries, dental caries vaccines have been produced using various cell-surface antigens of these organisms. Progress in recombinant DNA technology and peptide synthesis has been applied to the development of recombinant and synthetic peptide vaccines to control dental caries. Significant protective effects against dental caries have been shown in experimental animals, such as mice, rats and monkeys, which have been subcutaneously, orally, or intranasally immunized with these antigens. Only a few studies, however, have examined the efficacy of dental caries vaccines in humans. Recently, local passive immunization using murine monoclonal antibodies, transgenic plant antibodies, egg-yolk antibodies, and bovine milk antibodies to antigens of mutans streptococci have been used to control the colonization of the organisms and the induction of dental caries in human. Such immunization procedures may be a safer approach for controlling human dental caries than active immunization.

Publication Types:
 

• Review
• Review, tutorial

PMID: 11972971, UI: 21970339

Other Formats:

Order this document

Vaccine 2002 May 15;20(16):2019-21
 

Post-exposure rabies treatment in pigs.

Mitmoonpitak C, Limusanno S, Khawplod P, Tepsumethanon V, Wilde H

Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, Thai Red Cross Society, 1871 Rama IV Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.

A rabid dog invaded a Thai pig farm and severely mauled 11 adult pigs. This offered an opportunity to study efficacy of a human type post-exposure vaccine regimen with and without rabies immunoglobulin. A commercial veterinary tissue culture rabies vaccine and equine rabies immune globulin were used. All pigs survived for 1 year following the exposure. All animals developed detectable rabies neutralizing antibodies on day 7 and levels over 0.5IU/ml on day 14. This small study suggests that post-exposure rabies treatment using a proven human regimen, applied to valuable farm animals, can be safe and effective.

PMID: 11972969, UI: 21970337

Other Formats:

Order this document

Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2002 Oct 11;77(41):344-8
 

Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2003 influenza season.

[Medline record in process]
 

PMID: 12407832, UI: 22296005

Other Formats:

Order this document

Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2002 Sep 20;77(38):318-24
 

Progress towards poliomyelitis eradication.

PMID: 12362744, UI: 22250409

Other Formats:

Order this document

Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2002 Sep 20;77(38):317
 

Meningococcal disease, Great Lakes area (Burundi, Rwanda, United Republic of Tanzania)--update.

PMID: 12362743, UI: 22250408

the above reports in Macintosh PC UNIX Text HTML format
documents on this page through Loansome Doc