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Includes studies of resistance testing, viral blips, HAART and insulin resistance, and the effect of drug abuse on adherence. Medscape HIV/AIDS 8(1) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433251?srcmp=id-051002

Fully updated: Joel E. Gallant, MD, MPH outlines state-of-the-art care for newly diagnosed patients, from initial history and examination to therapy considerations. http://www.medscape.com/viewprogram/660?srcmp=id-051002

The pursuit of knowledge takes a backseat to religion, politics, and ego, according to Hal Hellman's new book. Medscape General Medicine 4(2) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432083?srcmp=id-051002

If a patient who has hepatitis C is cured, when do the hepatitis C antibodies disappear from his blood? Medscape Critical Care 3(1) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432543?srcmp=id-051002

LABORATORY SURVEILLANCE FOR WILD POLIOVIRUS AND VACCINE-DERIVED POLIOVIRUS, 2000-2001 The number of polioviruses isolated from AFP cases declined from 719 to 473. MMWR 51(17) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433084?srcmp=id-051002

RESPIRATORY ILLNESS IN WORKERS EXPOSED TO METALWORKING FLUID CONTAMINATED WITH NONTUBERCULOUS MYCOBACTERIA -- OHIO, 2001 This report has health implications for the estimated one million workers occupationally exposed to MWF. MMWR 51(16) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432687?srcmp=id-051002

The epidemics of cocoliztli were indigenous hemorrhagic fevers from rodents and aggravated by extreme drought. Emerg Infect Dis 8(4) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432138?srcmp=id-051002

BIOFILM ON VENTRICULO-PERITONEAL SHUNT TUBING AS A CAUSE OF TREATMENT FAILURE IN COCCIDIOIDAL MENINGITIS Fungal biofilm on the tip of the tubing likely caused 4 years of C immitis infection despite adequate fluconazole. Emerg Infect Dis 8(4) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432141?srcmp=id-051002

SALMONELLA ENTERICA SEROTYPE TYPHIMURIUM DT104 ISOLATED FROM HUMANS, UNITED STATES, 1985, 1990, AND 1995 Widespread emergence of this multidrug-resistant strain may be due to dissemination of a strain already present in US. Emerg Infect Dis 8(4) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432143?srcmp=id-051002

This roundworm infection of raccoons is principally affecting young children. Emerg Infect Dis 8(4) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432137?srcmp=id-051002

O157:H7 SHIGA TOXIN-PRODUCING ESCHERICHIA COLI STRAINS ASSOCIATED WITH SPORADIC CASES OF DIARRHEA IN SAO PAULO, BRAZIL These O157:H7 STEC strains are the first to be associated with human diseases in Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 8(4) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432423?srcmp=id-051002

HGE may cause a postinfectious syndrome of constitutional symptoms without serologic evidence of persistent infection. Emerg Infect Dis 8(4) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432413?srcmp=id-051002

This 98-page paperback in the Fast Facts series contains concise updates on a diverse group of topics. Emerg Infect Dis 8(4) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432425?srcmp=id-051002

EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS INFECTION IN A HORSE FROM CALIFORNIA The possibility of live virus in the formalin-treated vaccine infecting the horse remains. Emerg Infect Dis 8(3) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432065?srcmp=id-051002

SEVERE EHRLICHIA CHAFFEENSIS INFECTION IN A LUNG TRANSPLANT RECIPIENT: A REVIEW OF EHRLICHIOSIS IN THE IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENT Despite early therapy with doxycycline, our patient had unusually severe illness. Emerg Infect Dis 8(3) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432071?srcmp=id-051002

NOVEL CRYPTOSPORIDIUM GENOTYPES IN SPORADIC CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS CASES: FIRST REPORT OF HUMAN INFECTIONS WITH A CERVINE GENOTYPE There are important implications for communities that obtain drinking water from forested regions with deer. Emerg Infect Dis 8(3) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432062?srcmp=id-051002

A EUROPEAN STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANTIMICROBIAL USE AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE Not surprisingly, pen-res S. pneumoniae is correlated with use of beta-lactam antibiotics and macrolides. Emerg Infect Dis 8(3) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432064?srcmp=id-051002

This investigation adds another region of Latin America in which novel rickettsioses have been identified. Emerg Infect Dis 8(3) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432070?srcmp=id-051002

SEROLOGIC EVIDENCE OF LYSSAVIRUS INFECTIONS AMONG BATS, THE PHILIPPINES Bats have recently been associated with a number of newly recognized zoonotic agents. Emerg Infect Dis 8(3) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432061?srcmp=id-051002

MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ADENOVIRUS TYPE 7 IN THE UNITED STATES, 1966-2000 This study, the most comprehensive to date, provides a basis to better delineate the impact of these viruses. Emerg Infect Dis 8(3) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432063?srcmp=id-051002

The authors present epidemiologic and clinical features in developing countries relative to developed countries. Emerg Infect Dis 8(3) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432058?srcmp=id-051002

RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS INFECTION AND THE PRIMARY CARE PHYSICIAN Read about the newest developments in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of RSV infection in high-risk children. South Med J 95(3) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/431615?srcmp=id-051002

Pharmacists' interventions and direct patient care at an HIV clinic effectively ensured patient adherence to treatment. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 59(8) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432634?srcmp=id-051002

LEVOFLOXACIN TREATMENT FAILURE IN A PATIENT WITH FLUOROQUINOLONE-RESISTANT STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE PNEUMONIA A 50-year-old man presented with progressive dyspnea, left-sided chest pain, fever, and cough. Pharmacotherapy 22(3) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432054?srcmp=id-051002

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TUBERCULOSIS TRANSMISSION TRENDS HAVE CHANGED IN NEW YORK OVER TIME Tuberculosis among foreign-born residents tends to result from reactivation of a latent infection, according to results of a study of residents of Manhattan, while tuberculosis among those born in the US tends to result from recent transmission. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433339?srcmp=id-051002

HEPATITIS A INFECTION RATE IN CHILDREN HIGHER THAN PREVIOUS ESTIMATES Model-based estimates of the incidence of hepatitis A infection, reported in the May issue of Pediatrics, suggest that the number of infections that occur annually in the US are approximately 10 times the number actually reported to public health agencies. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433173?srcmp=id-051002

MedscapeWire 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433240?srcmp=id-051002

A 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine given to toddlers provides marked protection against carriage of most vaccine-type S pneumoniae, according to a recent report. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433110?srcmp=id-051002

EFFECTIVE MEASLES ERADICATION STRATEGIES POSSIBLE IN LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES The success of a recent measles elimination program in southern Africa suggests that the morbidity and mortality of the disease can be reduced in very low income countries, according to a report published in the May 4th issue of The Lancet. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433174?srcmp=id-051002

IAVI ADDS BIOPTION TO ROSTER OF HIV-VACCINE DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS The nonprofit International AIDS Vaccine Initiative said it has allied with the Swedish biotech firm Bioption AB to develop a prophylactic HIV/AIDS vaccine. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433202?srcmp=id-051002

MOST CASES OF RABIES TRANSMISSION FROM BATS CAUSED BY UNRECOGNIZED BITES Most transmission of rabies from bats to human occurs from bites that are often overlooked, rather than from aerosol transmission, which has never been well-documented in the natural environment, according to a report in the May issue of the Annals of Emergency Medicine. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432950?srcmp=id-051002

PREEMPTIVE GANCICLOVIR PREVENTS CMV INFECTION AFTER LIVER TRANSPLANT Ganciclovir treatment beginning immediately upon detection of cytomegalovirus by polymerase chain reaction prevents CMV infection or disease after liver transplantation, according to a report in the April 1st issue of The Journal of Infectious Diseases. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433048?srcmp=id-051002

NEURAMINIDASE INHIBITORS REDUCE INFLUENZA DURATION IN HEALTHY ADULTS The neuraminidase inhibitors, oseltamivir and zanamivir, slightly reduce the duration of influenza symptoms in healthy adults, according to the results of a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433111?srcmp=id-051002

British scientists hope to exhume the body of a young woman who died in the 1918 influenza pandemic to examine the virus that claimed up to 40 million lives worldwide, the Sunday Times said. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433197?srcmp=id-051002

PANEL RECOMMENDS RIBAVIRIN BE ADDED TO US STOCKPILE FOR HEMORRHAGIC VIRUSES In the event of a suspected bioterrorist attack using hemorrhagic fever viruses, a group of experts recommends treatment with intravenous or oral ribavirin, and that healthcare workers use gowns, gloves, face shields, and goggles or personal respirators, and leg and shoe coverings. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433337?srcmp=id-051002

Unauthorized scientists, students and foreigners are routinely granted access to federal laboratories where potentially deadly biological agents, such as anthrax and salmonella, are stored, according to a US government report released on Tuesday. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433340?srcmp=id-051002

SMALLPOX VACCINE RECOMMENDATIONS UNDER SCRUTINY IN LIGHT OF NEW SURVEY RESULTS Doctors have limited knowledge about the dangers of smallpox vaccine, according to findings of a survey commissioned by the US CDC. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433394?srcmp=id-051002

By the end of the year the number of smallpox vaccine doses is likely to top more than 200 million as production efforts in the US have increased in the wake of the terrorist attacks, according to the CDC. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433400?srcmp=id-051002

POTENTIAL ANTHRAX TOXIN INHIBITORS CAN BE SCREENED WITH NEW ASSAY A new, fast turn-around fluorescent assay has accelerated the search for enzymatic agents that can neutralize anthrax toxin, according to a report by investigators from Merck Research Laboratories, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences for May 14. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433189?srcmp=id-051002

The US Federal Reserve said on Thursday it found traces of anthrax on about 20 pieces of its mail at an outside facility, but Bush Administration officials quickly said preliminary test results could be wrong or the result of cross-contamination from earlier incidents. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433393?srcmp=id-051002

COMPARATIVE GENOME SEQUENCING CAN TRACK SOURCE OF INFECTION OUTBREAKS Comparing the genomes of different Bacillus anthracis isolates is a powerful way to investigate infectious disease outbreaks, including those due to biological warfare attacks, according to a new study. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433412?srcmp=id-051002

British scientists have mapped the genome of a common soil bacterium in an achievement that could help combat the growing problem of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433352?srcmp=id-051002

By the time UTI is diagnosed in children, the upper urinary tract is usually affected. MedscapeWire 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433329?srcmp=id-051002

A infant adopted in Russia and brought to the US by an American family exposed fellow travelers to pertussis along the way, according to a government report. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433392?srcmp=id-051002

LONGER DURATION OF BREAST-FEEDING IMPROVES IMMUNITY, INTELLIGENCE Respiratory infection risk is reduced and adult IQ is improved. MedscapeWire 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433149?srcmp=id-051002

Poland detected its first case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy near the southern border with Slovakia on Saturday, but the country's chief veterinarian called it an isolated incident. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433175?srcmp=id-051002

The Department of Health said on Tuesday it was studying whether more patients had died during routine tonsils' operations because of the use of disposable surgery instruments to prevent possible spread of variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433278?srcmp=id-051002

Newly identified recombinant forms of HIV-1 are being spread to diverse geographic regions, investigators report, which could have implications for the development of an AIDS vaccine. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433264?srcmp=id-051002

BONE MINERAL ACCRUAL COMPROMISED IN HIV-INFECTED PREPUBERTAL CHILDREN HIV infection has a negative effect on bone mineral acquisition in prepubertal children, placing them at increased risk for osteoporosis. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433192?srcmp=id-051002

RISK FACTORS FOR MOTHER-TO-CHILD HIV-1 TRANSMISSION IDENTIFIED High viral load and high levels of binding antibodies are predictors of mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission in women infected with the subtype C virus, researchers report, which could make analysis of binding antibodies to V3 peptides an inexpensive method for determining the risk of mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433356?srcmp=id-051002

KIDNEY-SPECIFIC HIV-1 VARIANTS IDENTIFIED IN HIV-RELATED NEPHROPATHY PATIENTS Analysis of renal epithelial cells from HIV-1-positive patients with HIV-associated nephropathy indicates that HIV-1 replication occurs locally in renal epithelium, which appears to be a reservoir for the virus, according to a report in the May issue of Nature Medicine. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433053?srcmp=id-051002

POSTPARTUM MORBIDITY IN HIV-INFECTED WOMEN VARIES BY DELIVERY METHOD Postpartum morbidity in women infected with HIV varies by delivery method, with those requiring emergency cesarean delivery facing the highest morbidity, according to a report in the April issue of the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433106?srcmp=id-051002

INCREASED RISK OF HIP OSTEONECROSIS IN HIV-INFECTED CHILDREN Osteonecrosis of the hip, or Legg-Calve-Perthes disease, occurs 9 times as often in children infected with HIV than in the general pediatric population, according to a report in the May issue of Pediatrics. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433267?srcmp=id-051002

EARLY HAART CONTAINING A PI HAS EDGE OVER AN NNRTI REGIMEN IN CUTTING HIV LOAD Very early use of highly active antiretroviral therapy consisting of 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and a protease inhibitor appears more effective in reducing viral load and increasing CD4 count in certain HIV-1 infected patients than does a combination of 2 NRTIs with a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432936?srcmp=id-051002

EFAVIRENZ SUPERIOR TO NEVIRAPINE IN COMBINATION ANTI-HIV REGIMEN In combination with two nucleoside analogues, efavirenz offers HIV control superior to that provided by nevirapine, according to a report in the April 15th issue of The Journal of Infectious Diseases. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433190?srcmp=id-051002

NEVIRAPINE MAINTAINS VIRAL SUPPRESSION AFTER SWITCHING FROM PROTEASE INHIBITORS HIV-positive patients receiving HAART who have viral loads at or less than 500 copies/mL have a lower risk of treatment failure after switching from a protease inhibitor to nevirapine than switching to other protease inhibitors, Dutch researchers report. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433417?srcmp=id-051002

SOUTH AFRICAN GOVERNMENT SAYS YOUTH HIV INFECTION RATES STABILIZING Health Minister Manto Tshabalala-Msimang said on Monday South Africa was beginning to win the fight against HIV/AIDS and she would soon release a survey showing infection rates among the youth stabilising. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433176?srcmp=id-051002

HIV-INFECTED GIRL IN UK LEGAL WRANGLE IS TAKEN INTO COURT CUSTODY A 3-year-old girl whose father is blocking her treatment with conventional drugs for HIV/AIDS was made a ward of the court on Wednesday, a British legal official said. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433405?srcmp=id-051002

COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF HIV/AIDS INTERVENTIONS IN AFRICA NEEDS MORE ATTENTION In the battle to control the AIDS epidemic in Africa, more research is needed to address the cost-effectiveness of various treatment and prevention strategies, according to a report published in the May 11th issue of The Lancet. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433406?srcmp=id-051002

A new report published in the May 2nd issue of Nature provides the first definitive evidence that HIV preferentially infects HIV-specific CD4+ T cells, a finding that could have serious implications for interrupted treatment strategies and vaccines designed to increase the frequency of these cells. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432947?srcmp=id-051002

Without debate, the Senate Thursday night approved the nomination of Dr. Elias Zerhouni to head the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433096?srcmp=id-051002

LAWMAKERS PROPOSE NEW PROTECTIONS FOR HUMAN RESEARCH SUBJECTS Human subjects would have a legal right to be made aware of researchers' conflicts of interest under a bipartisan bill introduced in the US House on Thursday. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433403?srcmp=id-051002

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