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The major risk factor for chlamydial infection is previous infection; those previously infected should undergo rescreening. Medscape Infectious Diseases 4(1) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433148?srcmp=id-051702

ANGELS ON THE WEB: HELPING CHILDREN AND THEIR FAMILIES COPE WITH AIDS Children with AIDS have needs that go beyond those of HIV-infected adults. Medscape Infectious Diseases 4(1) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433150?srcmp=id-051702

Topics include bubonic plague in Madagascar, HHV-6 and BMT, and overcoming penicillin allergy. Medscape Infectious Diseases 4(1) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433154?srcmp=id-051702

PUBLIC HEALTH DISPATCH: PERTUSSIS IN AN INFANT ADOPTED FROM RUSSIA -- MAY 2002 The airline is identifying passengers potentially exposed during flights from Moscow to JFK and North Carolina on 4/24. MMWR 51(18) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433434?srcmp=id-051702

NONOXYNOL-9 SPERMICIDE CONTRACEPTION USE -- UNITED STATES, 1999 Family planning providers should inform women at risk that N-9 contraceptives do not protect against HIV/STDs. MMWR 51(18) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433432?srcmp=id-051702

TROPICAL STORM ALLISON RAPID NEEDS ASSESSMENT -- HOUSTON, TEXAS, JUNE 2001 The only specific illness significantly associated with residing in a flooded home was diarrhea/stomach conditions. MMWR 51(17) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433083?srcmp=id-051702

ASSESSMENT OF SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING PRACTICES FOR STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE -- UNITED STATES, FEBRUARY 2000 Clinical labs should be aware of emerging resistance patterns and follow new recommendations. MMWR 51(18) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433433?srcmp=id-051702

EXCESS MORTALITY ASSOCIATED WITH ANTIMICROBIAL DRUG-RESISTANT SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM Quinolone resistance was associated with a mortality rate 10.3 times higher than the general population. Emerg Infect Dis 8(5) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432530?srcmp=id-051702

A WATERBORNE OUTBREAK OF ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7 INFECTIONS AND HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME: IMPLICATIONS FOR RURAL WATER SYSTEMS Contamination of small, unprotected water systems may be an increasing public health risk. Emerg Infect Dis 8(4) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432140?srcmp=id-051702

ANDES VIRUS AND FIRST CASE REPORT OF BERMEJO VIRUS CAUSING FATAL PULMONARY SYNDROME The authors characterize these strains of hantavirus from South America. Emerg Infect Dis 8(4) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432421?srcmp=id-051702

Infected horses are unlikely to serve as important amplifying hosts for WNV in nature. Emerg Infect Dis 8(4) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432142?srcmp=id-051702

SALMONELLA ENTERICA SEROTYPE TYPHIMURIUM DT 104 ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE GENOMIC ISLAND I IN SEROTYPE PARATYPHI B Data suggest horizontal transfer of this multidrug-resistant gene region. Emerg Infect Dis 8(4) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432419?srcmp=id-051702

Since 1991, DT 104 has been a major agent of human salmonellosis in England and Wales. Emerg Infect Dis 8(4) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432420?srcmp=id-051702

SALMONELLA ENTERICA SEROTYPE ENTERITIDIS PHAGE TYPE 4B OUTBREAK ASSOCIATED WITH BEAN SPROUTS Contaminated seeds were the most likely cause of contamination of the sprouts. Emerg Infect Dis 8(4) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432422?srcmp=id-051702

ANTIMICROBIAL USE AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE: A POPULATION PERSPECTIVE Resistance to antibiotics does not necessarily follow treatment in specific individuals. Emerg Infect Dis 8(4) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432136?srcmp=id-051702

The results highlighted concentrated pockets of invasive disease in the Jewish orthodox community. Emerg Infect Dis 8(4) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432417?srcmp=id-051702

FELINE HOST RANGE OF CANINE PARVOVIRUS: RECENT EMERGENCE OF NEW ANTIGENIC TYPES IN CATS This virus provides an exemplary system to study pathogen-host relationships and the evolution of virulence. Emerg Infect Dis 8(4) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432135?srcmp=id-051702

BOOK REVIEW: REMOTE SENSING AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY This book is a timely overview of satellite imagery, GIS, and spatial statistics. Emerg Infect Dis 8(4) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432426?srcmp=id-051702

MAPPING LYME DISEASE INCIDENCE FOR DIAGNOSTIC AND PREVENTIVE DECISIONS Analysing incidence of Lyme disease at the zip code level revealed foci not detected at the county level. Emerg Infect Dis 8(4) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432418?srcmp=id-051702

EPIDEMIOLOGIC FEATURES OF FOUR SUCCESSIVE ANNUAL OUTBREAKS OF BUBONIC PLAGUE IN MAHAJANGA, MADAGASCAR Among laboratory-confirmed hospitalized patients, the case-fatality rate was 7.9%. Emerg Infect Dis 8(3) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432069?srcmp=id-051702

RECENT INCREASE IN MENINGITIS CAUSED BY NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS SEROGROUPS A AND W135, YAOUNDE, CAMEROON During 1999 to 2000, the percentage of meningococci reached 17%. Emerg Infect Dis 8(3) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432073?srcmp=id-051702

HAJJ-RELATED NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS SEROGROUP W135 IN MAURITIUS Meningococcal disease has been rare in Mauritius, but since June 2000, 4 cases have been reported. Emerg Infect Dis 8(3) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432075?srcmp=id-051702

LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES INFECTION IN ISRAEL AND REVIEW OF CASES WORLDWIDE In this series, 43% were perinatal infections, with a fetal mortality rate of 45%. Emerg Infect Dis 8(3) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432068?srcmp=id-051702

ENZOOTIC ANGIOSTRONGYLUS CANTONENSIS IN RATS AND SNAILS AFTER AN OUTBREAK OF HUMAN EOSINOPHILIC MENINGITIS, JAMAICA This report provides evidence that this parasite is likely to cause human cases of eosinophilic meningitis. Emerg Infect Dis 8(3) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432072?srcmp=id-051702

PREDICTING THE RISK OF LYME DISEASE: HABITAT SUITABILITY FOR IXODES SCAPULARIS IN THE NORTH CENTRAL UNITED STATES This model can be used to help determine the risk of acquiring Lyme disease and other diseases. Emerg Infect Dis 8(3) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432066?srcmp=id-051702

HIV PREVALENCE IN A GOLD MINING CAMP IN THE AMAZON REGION, GUYANA The prevalence of HIV infection was 6.5%, warranting immediate public health intervention to curb its spread. Emerg Infect Dis 8(3) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432074?srcmp=id-051702

MOLECULAR CLASSIFICATION OF ENTEROVIRUSES NOT IDENTIFIED BY NEUTRALIZATION TESTS Three viruses were classified as echovirus type 18 and 3 as human enterovirus 71. Emerg Infect Dis 8(3) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432067?srcmp=id-051702

PROTEASE INHIBITOR COMBINATION THERAPY AND DECREASED CONDOM USE AMONG GAY MEN Has extensive media coverage inadvertently raised the treatment expectations for HIV beyond empirical evidence? South Med J 95(4) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432433?srcmp=id-051702

TREATMENT OF LATENT TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION IN CONTACTS OF NEW TUBERCULOSIS CASES IN THE UNITED STATES Read about the first study of the contact investigation process using the same criteria from multiple health centers. South Med J 95(4) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432432?srcmp=id-051702

DEVELOPING AND IMPLEMENTING A PHARMACIST-MANAGED, TELEPHONE-BASED HELICOBACTER PYLORI CLINIC By being more involved in disease management, pharmacists can detect potential treatment failures and drug interactions. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 59(8) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432636?srcmp=id-051702

CLINICAL JUDGMENT PREDICTS CULTURE RESULTS IN UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS Learn about a unique family-centered approach for the treatment of respiratory tract infections. J Am Board Fam Pract 15(2) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432573?srcmp=id-051702

CLINICAL EFFICACY AND PHARMACOECONOMICS OF A CONTINUOUS-INFUSION PIPERACILLIN-TAZOBACTAM PROGRAM IN A LARGE COMMUNITY TEACHING HOSPITAL Compare the clinical, microbiologic, and economic outcomes of 2 infusion regimens. Pharmacotherapy 22(4) 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/432394?srcmp=id-051702

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NEW STD GUIDELINES ADDRESS INFERTILITY, DRUG RESISTANCE, HIV RISK ASSESSMENT New guidelines issued by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) will help providers assess patients' risk factors for sexually transmitted diseases so that they know how often to screen, how to counsel them on contraceptives, and how to treat infections effectively, according to Dr. Stuart Berman. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433472?srcmp=id-051702

An outbreak of the Ebola virus that killed more than 50 people in Gabon has ended, the World Health Organization said on Thursday. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433474?srcmp=id-051702

RECOMBINANT CARROTS MAY HELP PREVENT HEPATITIS B INFECTION German scientists have grown genetically modified carrots that contain the gene for hepatitis B surface antigen, which they say could be used as a 'vaccine' for hepatitis B infection and could dramatically cut the costs of preventing the disease. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433458?srcmp=id-051702

New findings indicate that the oral polio vaccine developed in the 1950s in Africa contained only DNA derived from macaques, not from chimpanzees. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433504?srcmp=id-051702

The number of British children who received the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine dropped over winter, but rates are picking up again, public health officials said on Thursday. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433705?srcmp=id-051702

RESPONSE TO REMUNE VACCINATION REQUIRES LOW HIV LOAD, HIGH CD4 COUNT HIV-infected patients respond better to Remune, a therapeutic vaccine, when they have high CD4 cell counts, low viral loads, and low immune activation prior to treatment, investigators report. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433503?srcmp=id-051702

SMALLPOX VACCINE RECOMMENDATIONS UNDER SCRUTINY IN LIGHT OF NEW SURVEY RESULTS Doctors have limited knowledge about the dangers of smallpox vaccine, according to findings of a survey commissioned by the CDC. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433394?srcmp=id-051702

By the end of the year the number of smallpox vaccine doses is likely to top more than 200 million as production efforts in the US have increased in the wake of the terrorist attacks, according to the CDC. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433400?srcmp=id-051702

The US Federal Reserve said on Thursday it found traces of anthrax on about 20 pieces of its mail at an outside facility, but Bush Administration officials quickly said preliminary test results could be wrong or the result of cross-contamination from earlier incidents. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433393?srcmp=id-051702

COMPARATIVE GENOME SEQUENCING CAN TRACK SOURCE OF INFECTION OUTBREAKS Comparing the genomes of different Bacillus anthracis isolates is a powerful way to investigate infectious disease outbreaks, including those due to biological warfare attacks, according to a new study. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433412?srcmp=id-051702

TESTS DO NOT RELIABLY DIFFERENTIATE VIRAL AND BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA IN CHILDREN The battery of tests typically used to distinguish viral from bacterial pneumonia in adults do little to help confirm a diagnosis in children, according to a report in the May issue of Thorax. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433578?srcmp=id-051702

STEROID THERAPY ACCELERATES RESOLUTION OF OTORRHEA IN CHILDREN WITH TUBES Topical dexamethasone therapy is a safe and effective treatment for tympanostomy tube otorrhea in children, according to study findings presented on Tuesday. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433584?srcmp=id-051702

MedscapeWire 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433383?srcmp=id-051702

Better dental care among the elderly--especially in nursing homes--could reduce the occurrence of aspiration pneumonia, according to study findings presented here last Friday at the American Geriatrics Society annual meeting. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433500?srcmp=id-051702

An infant adopted in Russia and brought to the US by an American family exposed fellow travelers to pertussis along the way, according to a government report. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433392?srcmp=id-051702

Results of a prospective study suggest that consuming small to moderate amounts of wine is inversely associated with the risk of developing a cold. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433497?srcmp=id-051702

NASAL SWABS PROVIDE RAPID PAINLESS DIAGNOSIS OF VIRAL RESPIRATORY INFECTION For diagnosis of viral acute respiratory infections in children, lower nasal swabs are as effective as high nasopharyngeal swabs and significantly less painful. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433514?srcmp=id-051702

While bovine spongiform encephalopathy and its human offshoot, new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), have increased public concern about prion diseases, numerous obstacles exist in diagnosing sporadic CJD. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433498?srcmp=id-051702

After bone marrow transplant, iron depletion and anti-HCV therapy may be effective. MedscapeWire 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433615?srcmp=id-051702

BACTERIA OUTBREAK IN ICU LINKED TO ILLICIT USE OF FENTANYL Researchers from the CDC have identified 26 patients in an intensive care unit who developed a rare bacterial infection through contaminated fentanyl infusions, according to new study findings. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433653?srcmp=id-051702

ALCOHOL-BASED HAND-RUB INCREASES COMPLIANCE WITH HAND HYGIENE IN ICUS An educational campaign plus distribution of individual bottles of alcohol-based hand-rub increase compliance with hand hygiene in intensive care units (ICUs), Swiss researchers report. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433636?srcmp=id-051702

RATE OF MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER HIGH AMONG HIV-POSITIVE WOMEN US women who are HIV-positive have higher rates of major depressive disorder and more symptoms of depression and anxiety compared with women who are not infected with HIV. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433453?srcmp=id-051702

DUAL PI THERAPY DOES NOT INCREASE HEPATOTOXICITY RISK IN HCV-INFECTED PATIENTS In patients coinfected with HIV and hepatitis C virus, the use of regimens containing two PIs or regimens that include ritonavir is not linked to increased rates of hepatotoxicity, according to a recent report. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433662?srcmp=id-051702

OLDER HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS AS RESPONSIVE TO ART AS YOUNGER INDIVIDUALS Middle-aged and older patients respond as well to antiretroviral therapy as their younger counterparts, report investigators in Durham, North Carolina. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433661?srcmp=id-051702

REDUCED CONDOM USE SEEN AMONG GAY MEN ON HAART WITH A PI HIV-infected men who have sex with men who are receiving HAART that includes a PI appear to be more likely to use condoms inconsistently or not at all, compared with other HIV-infected individuals, researchers report. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433729?srcmp=id-051702

Similar to sub-Saharan Africa, Papua New Guinea is likely to experience a massive increase in the number of HIV infections, according to a report released by AusAid, an Australian government foreign aid agency. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433656?srcmp=id-051702

Global efforts to fight HIV and AIDS must focus on children, the chief of the United Nations' office on the disease told world leaders Friday on the final day of the UN Special Session on Children. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433450?srcmp=id-051702

HIV-INFECTED GIRL IN UK LEGAL WRANGLE IS TAKEN INTO COURT CUSTODY A 3-year-old girl whose father is blocking her treatment with conventional drugs for HIV/AIDS was made a ward of the court on Wednesday, a British legal official said. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433405?srcmp=id-051702

COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF HIV/AIDS INTERVENTIONS IN AFRICA NEEDS MORE ATTENTION In the battle to control the AIDS epidemic in Africa, more research is needed to address the cost-effectiveness of various treatment and prevention strategies, according to a report published in the May 11th issue of The Lancet. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433406?srcmp=id-051702

SOUTH AFRICA'S MBEKI INSISTS GOVERNMENT COMMITTED TO BATTLING AIDS South African President Thabo Mbeki said on Sunday his government was doing its utmost to fight AIDS but conceded he may have failed to communicate his commitment fully to his critics. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433491?srcmp=id-051702

GlaxoSmithKline said on Monday that investigations into how two bottles of Ziagen (abacavir), an antiretroviral drug for HIV infection that can cause a life-threatening allergic reaction in some patients, had been tampered with and falsely labelled as Combivir (lamivudine plus zidovudine), a more expensive antiretroviral combination drug. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433518?srcmp=id-051702

NEW CYTIDINE NUCLEOSIDE ANALOG ACTIVE AGAINST RESISTANT HIV STRAINS A new cytidine nucleoside analog may prove useful as a component of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) against HIV-1 strains resistant to older nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), according to a report in the May issue of Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433566?srcmp=id-051702

SIMPLIFIED HAART REGIMEN IMPROVES LIPID PROFILE IN SOME HIV-POSITIVE PATIENTS Switching HIV-positive patients from a PI-based HAART regimen to a simplified regimen of three nucleoside analogues significantly decreases nonfasting cholesterol and triglycerides, but can result in treatment failure in patients with resistance to NRTIs. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433465?srcmp=id-051702

NEVIRAPINE MAINTAINS VIRAL SUPPRESSION AFTER SWITCHING FROM PROTEASE INHIBITORS HIV-positive patients receiving HAART who have viral loads at or less than 500 copies/mL have a lower risk of treatment failure after switching from a PI to nevirapine than switching to other PIs, Dutch researchers report. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433417?srcmp=id-051702

ORASURE GETS CONDITIONAL US APPROVAL FOR RAPID HIV-1 TEST Diagnostic kits maker OraSure Technologies Inc. said on Monday that it has received an approvable letter from the US Food and Drug Administration for its OraQuick Rapid HIV-1 Antibody test. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433496?srcmp=id-051702

CD4 DOWNREGULATION BY NEF KEY TO HIV-1 REPLICATION IN PRIMARY T CELLS The HIV accessory protein Nef plays an important role in linking CD4 downregulation and HIV-1 replication in primary T cells, say researchers, and may deserve examination as a target for therapy. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433454?srcmp=id-051702

HAART IMPROVES ANTIGEN RESPONSIVENESS OF HIV AND EBV-SPECIFIC T CELLS Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) produces a decrease in HIV load and a marked decrease in HIV-specific CD8+ T cells, but does not change the number of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific T cells, Dutch researchers report. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433587?srcmp=id-051702

HIV CORECEPTOR BLOCKER SHOWS SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS WITH OTHER ANTIRETROVIRAL AGENTS In cell cultures containing various HIV-1 isolates, SCH-C, an experimental CCR5 receptor antagonist, acts synergistically with a wide range of antiretroviral agents including the fusion inhibitor T-20, according to a recent report. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433640?srcmp=id-051702

NEWLY IDENTIFIED RESERVOIR FOR HIV MAY EXPLAIN VIRAL PERSISTENCE AFTER HAART Researchers have identified a subset of human natural killer (NK) cells never before characterized that are infected by HIV in vivo. Reuters Health Information 2002 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433728?srcmp=id-051702

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Vaccination News Home Page

ALL INFORMATION, DATA, AND MATERIAL CONTAINED, PRESENTED, OR PROVIDED HERE IS FOR GENERAL INFORMATION PURPOSES ONLY AND IS NOT TO BE CONSTRUED AS REFLECTING THE KNOWLEDGE OR OPINIONS OF THE PUBLISHER, AND IS NOT TO BE CONSTRUED OR INTENDED AS PROVIDING MEDICAL OR LEGAL ADVICE.  THE DECISION WHETHER OR NOT TO VACCINATE IS AN IMPORTANT AND COMPLEX ISSUE AND SHOULD BE MADE BY YOU, AND YOU ALONE, IN CONSULTATION WITH YOUR HEALTH CARE PROVIDER.