http://www.whale.to/vaccines/tetanus6.html
Tetanus vaccine adverse reactions
Adverse reactions to tetanus
toxoid.
David
D, et al. [Tetanus vaccination: adverse effects in diverse vaccination
sites and mode of administration]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1971 Jul
24;101(29):1055-6. German. No abstract available.PMID: 5569014; UI: 71284876.
Relihan
M. [See
Related Articles] Reactions to tetanus toxoid. J Ir Med Assoc. 1969
Dec;62(390):430-4. No abstract available.PMID: 5359656; UI: 70061241.
Mandal
GS, et al. [See
Related Articles] Adverse reactions following tetanus toxoid injection. J
Indian Med Assoc. 1980 Jan 16;74(2):35-7. No abstract available.PMID: 7381219;
UI: 80205496.
Bensasson
M, et al. [See
Related Articles] [A case of algodystrophic syndrome of the upper limb
following tetanus vaccination]. Sem Hop. 1977 Oct 23;53(36):1965-6. French. No
abstract available.PMID: 208165; UI: 78204280.
Bolukbasi
O, et al. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis associated
with tetanus vaccination. Eur Neurol. 1999;41(4):231-2. No abstract
available.PMID: 10343155; UI: 99276501.
Bilyk
MA, et al. [See
Related Articles] [Anaphylactic reaction following subcutaneous
administration of tetanus anatoxin]. Klin Med (Mosk). 1978 Sep;56(9):137-8.
Russian. No abstract available.PMID: 703231; UI: 79030708.
Crone, NE(1992); Reder, AT; Severe tetanus in immunized patients with
high anti-tetanus titers; Neurology 1992; 42:761-764;
Article abstract: Severe (grade III) tetanus
occurred in three immunized patients who had high serum levels of anti-tetanus
antibody. The disease was fatal in one patient. One patient had been
hyperimmunized to produce commercial tetanus immune globulin. Two patients had
received immunizations one year before presentation. Anti-tetanus antibody
titers on admission were 25 IU/ml to 0.15 IU/ml by hemagglutination and ELISA
assays; greater than 0.01 IU/ml is considered protective. Even though one
patient had seemingly adequate anti-tetanus titers by in vitro measurement 0.20
IU in vivo mouse protection bioassays showed a titer less than 0.01 IU/ml,
implying that there may have been a hole in her immune repertoire to tetanus
neurotoxin but not to toxoid. This is the first report of grade III tetanus
with protective levels of antibody in the United States. The diagnosis of
tetanus, nevertheless, should not be discarded solely on the basis of seemingly
protective anti-tetanus titers.
Dieckhofer
K, et al. [See
Related Articles] [Neurologic disorders following tetanus vaccination. A
case report]. Med Welt. 1978 Nov 3;29(44):1710-2. German. No abstract
available.PMID: 713792; UI: 79052412.
Drago
F, et al. [See
Related Articles] Generalized morphoea after antitetanus vaccination. Clin
Exp Dermatol. 1998 May;23(3):142. No abstract available.PMID: 9861750; UI:
99078743.
Hansson
H, et al. [See
Related Articles] Cutaneous reactions to merthiolate and their relationship
to vaccination with tetanus toxoid. Acta Allergol. 1971 Apr;26(2):150-6. No
abstract available.PMID: 5109839; UI: 72001961.
Fenichel
GM. [See
Related Articles] Neurologic complications of tetanus toxoid. Arch Neurol.
1983 Jun;40(6):390. No abstract available.PMID: 6847451; UI: 83203564.
Farbaky
M. [See
Related Articles] [Neurological complication after vaccination by tetanic
anatoxin]. Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol. 1981 Jan;30(1):10-2. Slovak. No
abstract available.PMID: 6451302; UI: 81135899.
Hurwitz EL, Morgenstern H. Effects of
diphteria-tetanus-pertussis or tetanus vaccination on allergies and
allergy-related respiratory symptoms among children and adolescents in the
United States. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2000;23: 1-10.
A new study in the Journal of Manipulative
and Physiological Therapeutics1 supports the findings of three
previous studies that children who receive diphteria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) or
tetanus vaccines are more likely to have a "history of asthma" or
other "allergy-related respiratory symptoms." The study reviewed data
from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, which was
conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics from 1988 to 1994. The
survey data included interviews (by proxy with parents) of 13,944 infants,
children and adolescents (2 months through 16 years old). http://www.chiroweb.com/archives/18/07/05.html
Kittler
FJ, et al. [See
Related Articles] Reactions to tetanus toxoid. South Med J. 1966
Feb;59(2):149-53. No abstract available.PMID: 5903351; UI: 66078441.
Lleonart-Bellfill
R, et al. [See
Related Articles] Tetanus toxoid anaphylaxis. DICP. 1991
Jul-Aug;25(7-8):870. No abstract available.PMID: 1949950; UI: 92056930.
Pantazopoulos, PE, "Perceptive Deafness Following
Prophylactic use of Tetanus anittoxin", Laryngoscope, Dec 1965,
75:1832-1836.
Pataky
L. [See
Related Articles] [Late vaccination complications in the prevention of
tetanus and rabies]. Z Gesamte Hyg. 1977 Dec;23(12):917-8. German. No abstract
available.PMID: 607649; UI: 78119575.
Paradiso
G, et al. [See
Related Articles] [Multifocal demyelinating neuropathy after tetanus
vaccine]. Medicina (B Aires). 1990;50(1):52-4. Spanish. PMID: 2292912; UI:
91155723.
Pollard, JD (1978); Selby, G; Relapsing
Neuropathy due to tetanus toxoid; Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 1978,
37: 113-125
Summary: A unique
case history is presented of a 42-year-old patient who has suffered three
episodes of a demyelinating neuropathy, each of which followed an injection of
tetanus toxoid. The clinical features on each occasion were characteristic of
acute idiopathic polyneuropathy; a rapid onset of a mainly motor neuropathy
with eventual recovery. Nerve conduction studies performed during the second
and third episodes demonstrated grossly slowed motor conduction velocities. The
sural nerve was biopsied after the third episode, and the features seen on
light and electron microscopy included prominent hypertrophic changes,
mononuclear cells associated with most :onion bulbs" and macrophage
mediated demyelination. Studies of blastogenesis and macrophage migration
inhibition, showed T lymphocyte responsiveness to both peripheral nerve myelin
and tetanus toxoid. Typing for antigens of the HLA system indicated that the
patient was homozygous for HLA.
Read
SJ, et al. [See
Related Articles] Acute transverse myelitis after tetanus toxoid
vaccination. Lancet. 1992 May 2;339(8801):1111-2. No abstract available.PMID:
1349123; UI: 92236254
Robinson
IG. [See
Related Articles] Unusual reaction to tetanus toxoid. N Z Med J. 1981 Nov
11;94(695):359. No abstract available.PMID: 6950273; UI: 82149255.
Reijneveld
JC, et al. [See
Related Articles] Severe but transient parkinsonism after tetanus vaccination.
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997 Aug;63(2):258. No abstract available.PMID:
9285473; UI: 97429835
Sander
D, et al. Postvaccinal plexus neuropathy following vaccination
against tick-borne encephalitis and tetanus in a competitive athlete. Clin
Investig. 1994 May;72(5):399. No abstract available.PMID: 8086776; UI:
94369223.
Spiess
H, et al. [See
Related Articles] [Anaphylactic reaction following active tetanus
immunization]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1973 Mar 20;98(13):682. German. No
abstract available.PMID: 4696498; UI: 73154013.
Ullberg-Olsson
K. [See
Related Articles] [Vaccination reactions after injection of tetanus toxoid
with and without diphtheria toxoid]. Lakartidningen. 1979 Sep 5;76(36):2976.
Swedish. No abstract available.PMID: 502666; UI: 80053529.
Schlenska
GK. [See
Related Articles] Unusual neurological complications following tetanus
toxoid administration. J Neurol. 1977 Jul 20;215(4):299-302. No abstract
available.PMID: 70523; UI: 77251623.
Vasoiu
F, et al. [See
Related Articles] [Considerations on tetanus in vaccinated persons, with
reference to 2 cases]. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi. 1968
Oct-Dec;72(4):1023-5. Romanian. No abstract available.PMID: 5731137; UI:
69233143.
Vellayappan
K, et al. [See
Related Articles] Tetanus toxoid hypersensitivity. J Singapore Paediatr
Soc. 1976 Apr;18(1):17-9. No abstract available.PMID: 966737; UI: 77010357.
Wegmann
A, et al. [See
Related Articles] [Local reactions after repeated tetanus vaccinations].
Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1979 Oct 6;109(38):1409-10. German. PMID: 531542; UI:
80124006.
Weisse
ME, et al. [See
Related Articles] Tetanus toxoid allergy. JAMA. 1990 Nov 14;264(18):2448.
No abstract available.PMID: 2146409; UI: 91039702
TETANUS
Edsall, G (1967); Elliott, MW; Peebles, TC; Levine, L; Eldred, MC;
Excessive Use of Tetanus Toxoid Boosters; JAMA; Oct. 2, 1967; Vol 202, No. 1
The prevailing tetanus antibody levels on 45
children seen for routine or emergency booster injections of tetanus toxoid
were all 40 to 2,500 times above the minimum protective level. Antibody levels
in 22 other patients with allergic or Arthus-type reactions to tetanus toxoid
were, without exception, above the threshold of protection, and all but one
were many times higher. Booster doses of tetanus toxoid are being given with
unnecessary and indeed excessive frequency; continuing to do this will produce
a more highly toxoid-sensitive population without adding significantly to the
already high protection that this immunized population has against tetanus. It
is recommended that annual routine toxoid boosters of all kinds be
discontinued, that routine boosters in individuals known to have had primary
immunization including a reinforcing dose be given only at ten-year intervals
and that emergency boosters be given no closer than one year apart.
Shimoni, Zvi; Dobrousin, Anatoly; Cohen, Jonathan; et al.
"Tetanus in an Immunised Patient" British Medical Journal Online
(10/16/99) Vol. 319, No. 7216, P. 1049;
Israeli researchers present the case of a 34-year-old construction worker who
was hospitalized after having a reported epileptic fit and experiencing
flu-like symptoms. The patient had a low-grade fever, but was alert and
coherent. Any attempts to speak or get up on the second day resulted in attacks
of risus sardonicus, opisthotonus, and trismus. The patient was diagnosed with
tetanus and given 2000 U of human tetanus immunoglobulin. Further treatment was
provided, and after 15 days, the patient had stopped taking diazepam and
ventilatory support was withdrawn. The man had been fully immunized against
tetanus, and had received booster shots five and two years before being
hospitalized. Antitetanus immunization has shown to be very successful, and the
researchers note that it is exceedingly rare--about four cases per 100 million
immunocompetent vaccinated people--for tetanus to develop after being
vaccinated.
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