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J Virol 2002 Jul 1;76(13):6791-6799
 

Long-Term Circulation of Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus That Causes Paralytic Disease.

Cherkasova EA, Korotkova EA, Yakovenko ML, Ivanova OE, Eremeeva TP, Chumakov KM, Agol VI

A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physical-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119899. M. P. Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow Region 142782, Russia. Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland 20852.

[Record supplied by publisher]
 

Successful implementation of the global poliomyelitis eradication program raises the problem of vaccination against poliomyelitis in the posteradication era. One of the options under consideration envisions completely stopping worldwide the use of the Sabin vaccine. This strategy is based on the assumption that the natural circulation of attenuated strains and their derivatives is strictly limited. Here, we report the characterization of a highly evolved derivative of the Sabin vaccine strain isolated in a case of paralytic poliomyelitis from a 7-month-old immunocompetent baby in an apparently adequately immunized population. Analysis of the genome of this isolate showed that it is a double (type 1-type 2-type 1) vaccine-derived recombinant. The number of mutations accumulated in both the type 1-derived and type 2-derived portions of the recombinant genome suggests that both had diverged from their vaccine predecessors approximately 2 years before the onset of the illness. This fact, along with other recent observations, points to the possibility of long-term circulation of Sabin vaccine strain derivatives associated with an increase in their neurovirulence. Comparison of genomic sequences of this and other evolved vaccine-derived isolates reveals some general features of natural poliovirus evolution. They include a very high preponderance and nonrandom distribution of synonymous substitutions, conservation of secondary structures of important cis-acting elements of the genome, and an apparently adaptive character of most of the amino acid mutations, with only a few of them occurring in the antigenic determinants. Another interesting feature is a frequent occurrence of tripartite intertypic recombinants with either type 1 or type 3 homotypic genomic ends.

PMID: 12050392

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J Virol 2002 Jul;76(13):6453-9
 

Intracutaneous DNA Vaccination with the E8 Gene of Cottontail Rabbit Papillomavirus Induces Protective Immunity against Virus Challenge in Rabbits.

Hu J, Han R, Cladel NM, Pickel MD, Christensen ND

Department of Pathology, The Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Institute. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033.

[Medline record in process]
 

The cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV)-rabbit model has been used in several studies for testing prophylactic and therapeutic papillomavirus vaccines. Earlier observations had shown that the CRPV nonstructural genes E1, E2, and E6 induced strong to partial protective immunity against CRPV infection. In this study, we found that CRPV E8 immunization eliminated virus-induced papillomas in EIII/JC inbred rabbits (100%) and provided partial protection (55%) against virus challenge in outbred New Zealand White rabbits. CRPV-E8 is a small open reading frame, coding for a 50-amino-acid protein, that is colinear with the CRPV E6 gene and has features similar to those of the bovine papillomavirus and human papillomavirus E5 genes. Papillomas that grew on E8-vaccinated outbred rabbits were significantly smaller than those on vector-vaccinated rabbits (P < 0.01; t test). Delayed-type hypersensitivity skin tests showed that some of the E8-vaccinated rabbits had positive responses to E8-specific peptides.

PMID: 12050357, UI: 22045622

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Lancet 2002 May 25;359(9320):1864-5
 

Predicting the failure of amyloid-beta vaccine.

Smith MA, Atwood CS, Joseph JA, Perry G

Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 Adelbert Road, 44106, Cleveland, OH, USA

[Medline record in process]
 

PMID: 12044411, UI: 22040750

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Lancet 2002 May 25;359(9320):1829-31
 

Carriage of serogroup C meningococci 1 year after meningococcal C conjugate polysaccharide vaccination.

Maiden MC, Stuart JM

The Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research and Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK. martin.maiden@zoo.ox.ac.uk

[Medline record in process]
 

The UK was the first place to introduce meningococcal serogroup C conjugate (MCC) vaccines. From November, 1999, all people younger than 18 years, about 14 million individuals, were offered MCC immunisation. The uptake rate was more than 70% by November, 2000. We compared the carriage of meningococci in isolates we obtained from 14,064 students aged 15-17 years during vaccination in 1999, with those from 16,583 students of the same age surveyed 1 year later. Carriage of serogroup C meningococci was reduced by 66% (p=0.004). Our results show that MCC vaccines protect against carriage of meningococci that express serogroup C polysaccharide capsules.

PMID: 12044380, UI: 22040719

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Pediatrics 2002 Jun;109(6):e91
 

Current chemotherapy protocols for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia induce loss of humoral immunity to viral vaccination antigens.

Nilsson A, De Milito A, Engstrom P, Nordin M, Narita M, Grillner L, Chiodi F, Bjork O

Pediatric Cancer Research Unit, Astrid Lindgren Children Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. anna.nilsson@mtc.ki.se

[Medline record in process]
 

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate viral vaccination immunity and booster responses in children treated successfully for acute lymphoblastic leukemia by chemotherapy and to study the response to treatment of antibody-producing plasma cells that are important for persistence of humoral immunity. METHODS: Forty-three children who were in continuous first remission for a median of 5 years (range: 2-12 years) were studied. Before the leukemia was diagnosed, all children had been immunized against measles, mumps, and rubella according to the Swedish National immunization program. We analyzed levels of serum antibodies against measles and rubella by enzyme immunoassays. Avidity tests for measles antibodies were concomitantly performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measles virus immunoglobulin G detection. The proportion of plasma cells in bone marrow was studied by flow cytometry at different times during treatment and follow-up. Children who lacked protective levels of antibodies to vaccination antigens were reimmunized. Serum was collected 3 months after immunization to assess vaccination responses. RESULTS: After completion of the treatment, only 26 of the 43 children (60%) were found to be immune against measles and 31 (72%) against rubella. The proportion of bone marrow plasma cells decreased during treatment but returned to normal after 6 months. Revaccination caused both primary and secondary immune responses. Six of the 14 children without immunity failed to achieve protective levels of specific antibodies against measles and 3 against rubella. CONCLUSIONS: Our finding of loss of antibodies against measles and rubella in children treated with intensive chemotherapy suggests that reimmunization of these patients is necessary after completion of the treatment. To determine reimmunization schedules for children treated with chemotherapy, vaccination responses need to be studied further.

PMID: 12042585, UI: 22038464

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Pediatrics 2002 Jun;109(6):1183
 

2-dose hepatitis vaccination versus 3-dose regimen.

Cruess DF

Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799.

[Medline record in process]
 

PMID: 12042565, UI: 22038496

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Pediatrics 2002 Jun;109(6):1183-4; discussion 1183-4
 

2-dose hepatitis vaccination versus 3-dose regimen.

Meyerhoff AS, Greenberg DP

[Medline record in process]
 

Publication Types:
 

• Letter

PMID: 12042564, UI: 22038495

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Pediatrics 2002 Jun;109(6):1153-9
 

The process of public policy formulation: the case of thimerosal in vaccines.

Freed GL, Andreae MC, Cowan AE, Katz SL

Child Health Evaluation and Research Unit, Division of General Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.

[Medline record in process]
 

PMID: 12042557, UI: 22038488

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