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AUTISM FIRST STEPS
AUTISM DAILY NEWSLETTER
Friday December 7, 2001
INDEX:
* ICDRC to aid Wakefield
in Research
* Gut – Brain Connection Found by Repligen
* Top Financial PR Firm Hires Political Autism Angel
* Beneficial Effects of Enzyme-based Therapy for Autism Spec
Disorders
* Peptizyde and HN-Zyme
Prime 4-6 1/2-Month Interim Update
* Picture Recipes
* Visual Strategies/Adapting Curriculum
*
*
******************************
ICDRC to aid Wakefield in Research/
Disneyland California, January 11 and 12, 2002
Dr. Wakefield's abrupt departure from the Royal Free Hospital points to the
absolute necessity of an independent research campus, where government and
drug lobbying influences will not preclude exposing the truth about the
causes of autism. The International Child Development Resource Center(ICDRC)
is a partnership of researchers, parents, and therapists with a heart for
helping children with autism. Drs. Wakefield, Bradstreet and Kartzinel have
agreed to donate the tuition from their conferences to keep Dr.Wakefield's
research efforts alive, and to help the construction and funding of the
ICDRC research campus in central Florida.
Drs. Wakefield, Bradstreet and Kartzinel with an impressive guest faculty
including Stephen Shore, Jeff Sell (2 ASA Board Members), behavioral
therapists, nutrition experts and others will be presenting the first
"Open
Windows" Conference in Disneyland California, January 11 and 12, 2002. The
conference theme is "Opening Windows of Hope for Children With
Developmental
Disorders." All attendees receive a comprehensive training manual to
assist
them with implementing all of the therapeutic interventions currently being
used at ICDRC.
Groups of 3 or more can receive a 10% group discount and autism support
groups, The conference includes two lunches with the doctors and therapists
so you have even more time to get all of your questions answered. ASA
chapters or FEAT groups who organize attendance can receive an additional
10% to support their local chapter (or kindly donate that to autism research
with Dr Wakefield and ICDRC). Couples ca also receive discounts if they
request only one training manual. The next conference will be in Orlando
Florida January 26 & 27, 2002 next to the Animal Kingdom entrance of Disney
World.
Disney has agreed to prepare gluten and casein free meals upon request.
The conference will provide practical therapy guides, the latest research
and a review of the medical literature, and will be appropriate for parents
of special needs children, therapists, teachers and physicians.
This is your chance to support critical research and show your support for
Dr. Wakefield who continues to make tremendous sacrifices for our children.
Simultaneously, you will receive the tools you need to help your child.
Continuing education credits are being applied for.
For more information you may go to Dr.Bradstreet's website:
"http://www.gnd.org/ICDRC/Brochure.htm">Welcome to The Good News
Doctor
Foundation. http://www.gnd.org Click on
News/Events
http://www.gnd.org/news/news.htm and you will be able to get
information
on both the California and Florida Conferences.
Thank You All,
Jeff Bradstreet, MD, FAAFP
Director & Founder, ICDRC
******************************
Gut – Brain Connection Found by Repligen:
Secretin –
Amygdala Presented at IMFAR Conference: Social behavior site of brain activated
by secretin in animal studies - Discovery to be extended through clinical trial
[From a company media announcement through
PRNewswire via COMTEX.]
http://library.northernlight.com/FA20011112970000113.html?cb=0&dx=1006&sc=0#
doc <-- address ends here.
Repligen Corporation reported today that studies
in animals
demonstrate that secretin specifically activates neurons in the amygdala, a
part of the brain known to be important in social interactions. Several
studies in other laboratories have previously established that people with
autism do not show normal activation of the amygdala when engaged in social
interactions such as recognizing emotions from facial expressions.
Secretin is currently being evaluated by the
Company for the
improvement of reciprocal social interaction in children with autism;
however, to date there has been no biological model for how secretin, a
gastrointestinal hormone, may affect the brain.
Results from two animal studies provide, for the
first time, evidence
of a biological mechanism for the action of secretin in autism. The findings
were presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience and the
International Meeting for Autism Research on November 9-11. Separately,
Repligen announced that it would collaborate with McLean Hospital, a
teaching facility for Harvard Medical School, to conduct a clinical trial
using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to extend this research
to humans.
The first study establishing the activation of
the amygdala by
secretin was performed in collaboration with researchers at the VA Medical
Center in Boston and Harvard Medical School. In this study, neuronal
activation in rats was evaluated 1-2 hours following administration of a
single intravenous injection of secretin or a placebo.
The brain tissue was fixed and stained for Fos, a
readily measured and
well-established marker of the activation of neurons. Prominent activation
of the amygdala was observed only in secretin- treated animals. Additional
analysis revealed a significant decrease in the level of the
neurotransmitter serotonin in the amygdala of secretin-treated rats which
was not observed in rats treated with a control injection.
A second study, performed in collaboration with
the VA Medical Center
in Saint Louis and Saint Louis University School of Medicine, established
the ability of a biologically active, radioactive secretin analog to
transfer out of the blood and enter the brain. The rate of entry of secretin
into the brain was similar to other peptides with known neurological
activity.
Repligen also presented data from its Phase 2
clinical trial which
demonstrated that a subset of the autistic patients showed a clinical
response to secretin. Symptom improvements were most evident in reciprocal
social interaction as measured with the Autism Diagnostic Observation
Schedule (ADOS), a standardized method for quantifying the severity of the
symptoms of autism.
"Taken together, these studies show that
secretin can activate a part
of the brain involved in social interaction and known to have reduced
activity in autism," stated Walter C. Herlihy, Ph.D., President and Chief
Executive Officer of Repligen Corporation. "We look forward to extending
these results through our collaboration with the Brain Imaging Center at
McLean Hospital."
The Amygdala and Autism
The amygdala is part of a complex neural system
that is critical for
ascribing emotional value to stimuli and influencing affective
responsiveness and emotional learning. One of the core deficits of autism is
impaired reciprocal social interaction including eye contact, joint
attention and an inability to deduce the mental states of others from facial
expressions. Although neuropathological and imaging studies have revealed
abnormalities in several regions of the brain in autism, a lack of
activation of the amygdala is recognized as an important correlate of the
social deficits of autism.
The role of the amygdala in social interaction
has been studied in
both normal and autistic patients using various neuroimaging tools. Studies
using fMRI, have established an activation of the amygdala when processing
and responding to social stimuli. Reduced activation of the amygdala in
patients with autism has been documented using fMRI with particular
impairment noted in their ability to respond to facial expressions of fear,
to perceive eye-gaze direction and to establish recall memory for faces.
Other studies indicate that patients with either surgical or congenital
amygdala damage show similar symptoms. These data suggest that reduced
activity of the amygdala is important in autism.
******************************
Top Financial PR Firm Hires Political Autism
Angel
http://library.northernlight.com/FB20011112420000168.html?cb=0&dx=1006&sc=0#
doc <--address ends here.
Business Wire - The William Mills Agency, the
nation's largest
provider of public relations for the financial services industry
www.williammills.com, has hired Katie Hogan to serve on one of the agency's
financial services teams. Hogan, in her previous position as a legislative
assistant for Congressman Chris Smith (N.J.-04) in Washington, D.C.,
initiated the creation of the bipartisan Coalition for Autism Research and
Education (CARE), the Congressional caucus dedicated to helping families and
friends affected by autism.
******************************
Beneficial
Effects of Enzyme-based Therapy for Autism Spectrum Disorders *
http://www.gfcfdiet.com/Enzymes.htm#*
[This is to provide readers with some background
information on the
enzyme therapy referred to in the work of Dr. Timothy Buie, a pediatric
gastroenterologist from Harvard/Mass General Hospital for treatment for
autistic children with certain gastroinstestinal disorders. See
http://www.feat.org/scripts/wa.exe?A2=ind0112&L=FEATNEWS&P=R1962
This pilot study is uncontrolled and is not peer reviewed published.
This means that the information provided stands a higher risk of being
inaccurate than from peer-reviewed, controlled experiments.
Parents should be clear that when considering any
experimental medical
treatment for a child, we are placing that child at some risk. How much
risk? Some answers to this can be obtained by gathering information from
other parents on the Internet who are already experimenting with the same
approach (try GFCFKids-subscribe@yahoogroups.com). However, the highest
quality of information comes from peer reviewed, controlled experiments.
That's why we need research, research, research… -LS]
Beneficial Effects of Enzyme-based Therapy for Autism Spectrum Disorders *
Mark A. Brudnak Ph.D., N.D.* Bernard Rimland, Ph.D.†
John B. Pangborn Ph.D.‡ Ilene Buchholz R.N.††
Abstract
Autism is a developmental disease usually
manifesting within the first
three years of life. To date, no causative agent has been found. Similarly,
treatment options have been limited. Of the treatment options available, a
number of them have been nutritionally based in an attempt to address one or
more of the theories regarding the etiology of the disease.
A pilot study was undertaken to address the
exorphin (exogenous
opiate-type peptides) theory of autism by treatment with dietary enzyme
therapy. Forty-six patients between the ages of 5 and 31 were selected for
inclusion in the study based on a diagnosis placing them in the category of
the autism spectrum disorders (ASD), some with and/or without attention
deficit disorder (ADD) or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
The diets were supplemented with a novel dietary enzyme formulation,
EnZymAid™, for a period of twelve weeks. Progress was tracked according
to
the Symptom Outcome Survey (SOS1) form method of symptom charting and
presented in a table for further analysis.
Results: The novel enzyme formula, EnZymAid™,
beneficially and safely
affected all thirteen of the parameters measured. Improvements ranged from
50-90%, depending on the parameter measured, of the respondents who
completed the entire course of therapy. Statistical analysis revealed that
even assuming an extremely high baseline, twelve of the thirteen parameters
were significant improvements.
Conclusion: The novel enzyme formula EnZymAid™
was effective at
improving autistic symptoms such as socialization, hyperactivity, attention,
eye contact, comprehension, compulsions, etc. These results indicate that
further controlled studies are warranted.
Participating Physicians
Roy E. Kerry, M.D. and Margaret Dailey CRNP 17
6th Avenue Greenville
PA 16125 Bruce Stayton, M.D. 2116 South Sterling Ave Independence, MO 64052
Robert Taylor, M.D. Triangle ENT Services 2909
N. Duke Street Ste 503
Durham, NC 27704
Frank Waickman, M.D. 2377 Thurmont Rd., Akron, OH
44313
Michael Waickman, M.D. 544 White Pond Dr., Ste B.
Akron, OH 44320
* MAK Wood, Inc. Mark A. Brudnak, Ph.D., N.D., VP Technology
235 Dakota Dr., Units E-F, Grafton, WI 53024-9429
† Autism Research Institute
4182 Adams Avenue, San Diego, CA 92116
‡ Bionostics, 42 W. 719 Bridle Ct., St Charles, IL 60175
†† Correspondence to:
Ilene Buchholz
Kirkman Laboratories, 9285 Dowdy Drive, Ste 105, San Diego, CA 92126
http://www.kirkmanlabs.com/disorders/autism/default.htm
Pilot Study Introduction
It has been estimated that 5:10,000 to 1:300
suffer from autism with
an initial manifestation of symptoms by age three.2 While the exact cause of
autism remains elusive, considerable advances have been made in recent
years. These advances come from a study of the geographic localization,
biological, and psychological aspects of the disease. From these studies,
several theories have emerged.
One such theory is that autistics suffer from
several maladies with
the accumulated symptoms being categorized into the autism spectrum
disorders, herein simply referred to as autism or ASD. Typically, the
autistic's digestive tract is thought to function sub-optimally. Two
important pioneers of this work, Reichelt and Shattock, observed a
significant correlation between the symptoms of autism and an impaired
ability to adequately digest peptides/proteins from dairy (casein) and wheat
(gluten).
During digestion, pre-opioid type compounds in
the diet, typically
from casein and gluten, are thought to be activated due to an incomplete
breakdown of proteins.3,4 These exorphins (i.e., casomorphins and
gluteomorphins or gliadorphin) are then easily transferred across the lumen
of the gut into the circulation where they exert opioid-type action on the
brain. The transfer of peptides across the lumen of the gut is thought to
occur at high levels due to the "leaky" nature found to be associated
with
the autistic's gastrointestinal tract. According to the exorphin theory of
autism, the attenuated level of DPPIV could manifest as autistic symptoms. 5
The present study was to determine the effectiveness of a more proactive
enzyme formulation on various parameters in ASD.
While previous attempts to address a nutritional
based therapy have
tried to completely eliminate all contributions of exorphins from the diet
via exclusion of the causative agents, it has been determined that it is not
entirely practical or 100% guaranteed.6 Those that are not removed, may go
on to exert a neurotoxic effect. Previous attempts to deal with this
situation via enzyme therapy have been to digest the peptides after they are
made, while they are in the small intestines, via a strong peptidase enzyme.
In the present study, the enzyme formula was
designed with a very high
acid stable protease to thoroughly digest the proteins to the fullest extent
possible in the shortest period of time. The idea being that if the
exorphins are going to form anyway from dietary constituents, driving the
reaction forward with large amounts of acid stable enzyme in the stomach
allows more time for the body's endogenous enzymes, that have evolved to
specifically digest exorphins, to work.
Methods & Materials
Study Protocol and Human Subjects: The study
protocol was approved by
a Medical/Scientific Review Board. The legal guardians of all participants
signed appropriate "informed consent" forms. The study was carried
out with
the highest standards of ethics. Initially, forty-six patients between the
ages of two and twenty-one were chosen for the study. Of those that started
the study, twenty-two remained for the entire twelve-week period. For data
analysis, only those subjects who completed the entire course of therapy
were included. All raw data is kept on file for public inspection at the
Autism Research Institute (ARI), San Diego, CA.
Enzymes: All enzymes were manufactured by MAK
Wood, Inc (Grafton, WI).
They were manufactured specially for Kirkman Laboratories (Wilsonville, OR)
to be free of milk, casein, wheat, gluten, gliadin, corn, soy, egg, yeast,
sugar, starch, MSG, sterates, palmitates, artificial sweeteners, colors or
flavors, preservatives, salicylates and other common allergens. Kirkman
Laboratories kindly supplied all the enzymes. The following enzymes and
activities were included: CASO-GLUTENASE 10,000 AU; Bromelain 230 BTU; Acid
Fast Protease 100 SAPU; Lactase 330 LacU; Phytase 125 U; Galactose (as
Genomeceutical) 100 mg.
Statistics of the participants: There was a
predominance of males
(87%) compared to females (13%). Approximately 77% of the participating
children were diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (autism, PDD and
Aspergers) and the remaining 23% were diagnosed with ADD and/or ADHD. Of
those with ADD/ADHD, four participants had an additional diagnosis of
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), epilepsy, and/or Down’s syndrome. Of
the 46 children who initially started the EnZymAid study a total of 17
children dropped out within the first few weeks of this 12-week pilot study.
The families who withdrew from the study reported a number of reasons
including; needed to start other therapies, child developed unrelated
illness, family or personnel issues, changed physicians, did not tolerate
the taste of the supplement, experienced adverse symptoms and/or no change
in symptoms were noted.
Dietary Issues: Approximately 40% of the children
were strictly
following a gluten-free and casein-free diet and 60% had liberal use of
wheat and dairy products in the diet. The criterion for inclusion in the
EnZymAid study was that participants would not make any changes in the diet
during the coarse of the study.
Dosing: The enzymes were to be taken at the
beginning of each meal (or
early on into the meal). The capsules were swallowed whole or pulled apart
and
the contents mixed with the first few bites of food or in beverages. One
half to one capsule with each meal was suggested with a gradual increase to
one or two capsules (in a couple of cases three capsules were utilized) per
meal.
Tolerance: The EnZymAid™ formulation was generally well
tolerated as
only a small group of respondents reported adverse effects, which may be
directly attributed to the enzyme formulation.
Assay: Parents and/or guardians, with feedback
from teachers or
therapists, were asked to complete a Symptom Outcome Survey form every two
weeks. They evaluated different parameters of function, behavior as well as
the gastrointestinal status of each child.
Evaluation: Participants evaluated thirteen different parameters of
function and behavior including: eye contact, socialization, attention,
mood, hyperactivity, anxiety/compulsions, stimming, comprehension, speech,
sound sensitivity, digestion (presence of constipation, diarrhea, gassy,
foul-smelling stools), sleep and perseveration.
Improvement Rating: Symptoms were assayed
utilizing the following 0 to
4 scale: 0=none; 1=possible; 2=moderate; 3=significant; 4=great. The results
in Table 1 list the percentage of patients that scored between a moderate
and great improvement by a guardian.
Summary: There were 22 children who completed the
full 12-week trial
on the EnZymAid. Out of this group there were three children (12.5%) who
experienced little change in symptoms categories being evaluated. However
87.5% percent of the children were noted (by parent evaluation) to have
moderate to significant improvement, in one or more categories of function
and/or behavior, with use of this enzyme formulation. In greater then 90% of
the children the parents noted moderate to significant improvement in five
or more of the symptom categories being evaluated.
Statistical analysis: A statistical analysis of
the data revealed
significant benefit/improvement in twelve of the thirteen parameters
evaluated.
Results: The present study was undertaken to
determine the
effectiveness of the rationale above as gauged by thirteen markers assessed
in twenty-two patients. The results of the application of EnZymAid™ to
autistics are presented below. Statistical analysis suggests that the enzyme
formulation is both sound and effective for the treatment of autism spectrum
disorders.
Table I
Percentage of Participants Showing Improvement
WEEK 1-2
3-4 5-6 7-8
9-10 11-12
Eye Contact 37% 47%
43% 56%
67% 67%
Socialization 42% 67%
71% 76%
81% 90%
Attention 40% 54% 63%
59% 73%
68%
Mood
36%
52% 57%
60% 55%
59%
Hyperactivity 31% 31% 50%
75% 75%
80%
Anxiety/Compuls 20%
41% 46% 47%
41% 60%
Stimming
27%
38% 27%
38% 31% 50%
Comprehension 40% 45%
58% 55%
50% 63%
Speech/language 27%
41% 53%
47% 38%
44%
Sound Sensitiv 17% 17%
18% 42%
25% 50%
Digestion 35% 50% 56%
50% 56%
50%
Sleep 23% 36%
43% 50%
64% 57%
Perseveration 33% 38%
44% 50% 39%
53%
As an uncontrolled pilot clinical study the
present work has
tremendous value. Not only did the overwhelming majority of parameters
measured show a significant benefit of the enzyme blend, but there were also
very few associated negative reactions. While the etiology of autism and the
ASD's still remains elusive, clearly the present study advances the
knowledge base for efficacious treatment protocols.
References:
1. Personal Communication. Dr. Bernard Rimland. Autism Research Institute.
San Diego CA.
2. Turner M, Barnby G, Bailey A Genetic clues to the biological basis of
autism. Mol Med Today 2000 Jun; 6(6):238-44
3. Haileselassie, S.S., Lee, B.H., Gibbs, B.F., Purification and
Identification of potentially Bioactive Peptides from Enzyme-Modified
Cheese. J. Dairy Sci. 1999. 82:1612-1617.
4. Reichelt KL, Hole K, Hamberger A, Saelid G, Edminson PD, Braestrup CB,
Lingjaerde O, Ledaal P, Orbeck H Biologically active peptide-containing
fractions in schizophrenia and childhood autism. Adv Biochem
Psychopharmacol 1981; 28:627-43.
5. Personal Communication. Drs. Alan Friedman and Jon Pangborn.
6. Brudnak, MA Application of Genomeceuticals to the Molecular and
Immunological Aspects of Autism. Medical Hypotheses. In Press. The EnZymAid™
Pilot Study was cosponsored by the Autism Research Institute and Kirkman
Laboratories.
******************************
Peptizyde
and HN-Zyme Prime 4-6 1/2-Month Interim Update
[The FEAT Newsletter has previously reprinted
another non-peer
reviewed paper on the use of enzymes in the treatment of autism. This
report has been compiled by professional unpaid volunteer marketers of
Houston Nutraceuticals products Peptizyde and HN-Zyme Prime, rough
equivalents to Kirkman Labs enzymes. See:
http://www.feat.org/scripts/wa.exe?A2=ind0109&L=FEATNEWS&P=R1620 Below
is an
executive summary of an update to this report. –LS]
Peptizyde and HN-Zyme Prime 4-6 1/2-Month Interim Update
Karen L. DeFelice November, 2001
Executive Summary
• Of 109 new individuals (100%) using these products for at
least 3
weeks, 100 (92%) reported positive results, 6 (5%) reported negative
results, and 3 (3%) reported inconclusive results. The overwhelming majority
of respondents have continued to see significant improvements with Peptizyde
and HN-Zyme Prime.
• Most individuals were higher functioning, 4-9 yrs old, and
on some
type of restrictive diet.
• Significant improvements continued to be seen in eye
contact,
language, humor, foods tolerated, foods accepted, sleep, weight gain or
loss, digestion, stools/bowels, overall appearance, transitioning,
socialization, awareness, problem solving, short-term memory, flexibility in
routine, range of interests, sound and light tolerance, sensory integration,
spontaneous affection, and energy level among others. Significant decreases
in aggression, hyperness, anxiety, stimming, self-injurious behavior, pain,
and headaches among others.
• After 6 months on enzymes, there have been no reports of
any
regression after success is seen past the 3-week adjustment period,
including in those eating gluten/casein liberally.
• 25% of the children were ages 7-9 and showed just as
significant
improvement just as quickly as younger children. Most positive results were
apparent within the first 3 weeks.
• Significant improvements were seen whether people were on
or not on a
restrictive diet.
• The foods most problematic, even with enzymes, are nuts and
seeds, and
highly phenolic foods in sensitive individuals.
• The best results, including the Happy Child Effect, are
seen by those
who take enzymes with foods all the time. This is thought to be due to the
gut healing and overall health benefits of enzymes beyond the benefits of
just breaking down food.
• The new formulation of Peptizyde without the L-glutamine
significantly
reduced the number of negative reactions and over hyperness seen by some
people before.
• Hyperness continues to be the main side effect, however,
only
sometimes is this a negative and there are several methods given to assist
in remedying hyperness with have helped many.
• People with celiac disease tended to respond worse when
using
proteases enzymes and gluten than when consuming gluten without enzymes.
• It is currently recommended that enzymes and probiotics be
given at
separate times.
• Possible reasons some people see no results at all may be
due to heavy
metals or overgrowth of undesirable gut flora.
• The time for healing a leaky gut is about 3-6 months and
enzymes
appear to facilitate this.
• The longer on enzymes, the less expensive the program
becomes due to
reduction in special food costs, supplements, and doctor visits for most
respondents.
• The longer on enzymes, the more foods people tend to
re-introduce and
the more positive results are seen.
• People having difficulties or concerns when starting
enzymes were far
more likely to achieve positive results when they posted their concerns on
the enzymesandautism board for assistance rather than attempt to discern the
problem themselves. This is attributed to getting more education and
information on using enzymes.
• People having difficulty tolerating rice or rice bran had
no problem
with Peptizyde and Zyme Prime. People intolerant of pineapple, papaya or
kiwi usually can not use any enzyme product containing these.
• Reasons why several people previously seeing negative
results now see
positive ones.
The 4-6 1/2-month update was done in the same way
as the 4-month
summary report. Results from both will be combined into one document called
the 7-month Summary Report.
Both the previous 4 months summary and the complete 4-6 ˝
month
summary are available through the FEAT Newsletter. Contact FEAT@feat.org
******************************
Picture Recipes
These are easy recipes that can be printed without words, but as pictures
instead for those children who are non-verbal. At the end of each picture
recipe, is all of the PEC cards if you want to print them off separately.
Have fun teaching your children to cook!
http://www.bry-backmanor.org/picturerecipes.html
******************************
Visual Strategies/Adapting Curriculum
The
first School-Oriented Event at the Classroom
Connection was held last night...We had 10 people in
attendance...
2 SEDOL Autism Team Members
3 Staff Members from the Autism Program in Park Ridge
2 Preschool Teachers from Glenview
1 SLP from a preschool program in Wilmette
2 parents...
The group was very congenial and
knowledgable...several people registered for the
series beginning in January.
The series is entitled: "Adapting Curriculum and
Implementing Visual Strategies for Students with
Autistic Spectrum Disorder"; the topics are:
Visual Schedules
Choice Boards
Work Systems
Adapting Curriculum
Finished/Transition Signals
Task Design
Learning Environments
Cueing
The series starts with an overview (which is what we
did last night) and then will address each topic in a
separate workshop.
We will be repeating the overview on Wednesday,
January 9th....The first make-and-take starts on
January 16th...Both at 7 p.m. RSVP is required.
The Classroom Connection is willing to offer a second
strand of the series on a different day/time if enough
people are interested.
Private responses are welcome.
cris@speechkids.net
847 681 0324
******************************
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