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Vaccine, Vol. 19 (30) (2001) pp. 4175 - 4184
© 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S0264-410X(01)00163-3
Defence Evaluation
and Research Agency, CBD Porton Down, Salisbury, Wilts SP4 0JQ, UK
Received 13 November 2000; received
in revised form 26 March 2001; accepted 23 April 2001
Yersinia pestis is the etiological agent of bubonic and pneumonic
plague, diseases which have caused over 200 milllion human deaths in the past.
Plague still occurs throughout the world today, though for reasons that are not
fully understood pandemics of disease do not develop from these outbreaks.
Antibiotic treatment of bubonic plague is usually effective, but pneumonic
plague is difficult to treat and even with antibiotic therapy death often
results. A killed whole cell plague vaccine has been used in the past, but
recent studies in animals have shown that this vaccine offers poor protection
against pneumonic disease. A live attenuated vaccine is also available. Whilst
this vaccine is effective, it retains some virulence and in most countries it
is not considered to be suitable for use in humans. We review here work to
develop improved sub-unit and live attenuated vaccines against plague. A
sub-unit vaccine based on the F1- and V-antigens is highly effective against
both bubonic and pneumonic plague, when tested in animal models of disease.
This vaccine has been used to explore the utility of different intranasal and
oral delivery systems, based on the microencapsulation or Salmonella delivery
of sub-units.
Keywords: Plague vaccine; Yersinia pestis;
Microencapsulation; Salmonella vaccine vector
*Corresponding author. Tel.: +44-1980-613301; fax:
+44-1980-613741
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