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 Collections under
which this article appears: Other Women's
health - other Other
Psychiatry Plastic
and reconstructive surgery |
V C M Koot
a Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre, Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, Netherlands, b Department of Medical Epidemiology, Karolinska Institute, Box 281, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
Correspondence to: V C M Kuck-Koot, Comprehensive Cancer Centre Middle Netherlands, PO Box 19079, 3501 DB Utrecht, Netherlands kuckkoot@ikmn.nl
The potential health hazards of breast implants have been heavily debated for
the past decade, yet only one study has reported on long term
mortality among women with such implants, and around one fifth of the
participants were lost to follow up. 1
2 We assessed total and cause specific mortality
among Swedish women who underwent augmentation mammoplasty between
1965 and 1993. As a desire for cosmetic surgery represents underlying
psychopathology in some patients, we hypothesised that deaths due to
suicide may be over-represented.3
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Subjects and methods |
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 Top  Subjects and methods  Results Comment References |
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Details about accrual of the cohort have been given elsewhere.4 We obtained records from the Swedish Inpatient Register of all 15-69 year old women who had had breast implants (n=7585) in 1965-93. We identified records with erroneous registration numbers or where emigration or death occurred before surgery through linkages with registers held by Statistics Sweden, using the unique national registration numbers. We excluded such records and records where surgery occurred at hospitals without surgical services (n=138). We also excluded women who had received an implant after surgery for breast cancer (n=3926), identified through the cancer register. The final study cohort comprised 3521 women, with a mean age of 31.6 (SD 8.6) years.
Follow up started on the day of first implantation surgery and stopped at
date of emigration, death, or end of follow up (31 December 1994),
whichever occurred first. The cohort members were followed for an
average of 11.3 (range 0.3-29.9) years, corresponding to 39 735
person years at risk. We compared the observed number of deaths with
the expected number of deaths, the ratio of these two numbers giving
the standardised mortality ratio. We obtained the expected number of
deaths by multiplying the observed number of person years at risk in
the cohort, divided into 5 year age strata and 1 calendar year
strata, by the stratum specific mortality rates, derived from
official Swedish death statistics. The standardised mortality ratio
can therefore be viewed as a measure of relative risk, with the
Swedish female population matched for age and calendar year serving
as reference. We calculated 95% confidence intervals, assuming that
the number of observed events followed a Poisson distribution. We
coded underlying causes of death according to the international
classification of diseases (7th, 8th, and 9th revisions) into
suicide, unintentional injury, cardiovascular diseases, malignancies,
and other causes.
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Results |
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| Top Subjects and methods Results Comment References |
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Although 58.7 deaths were expected, 85 women died (standardised mortality ratio 1.5, 1.2 to 1.8; table). Fifteen women committed suicide, compared with 5.2 expected deaths (2.9, 1.6 to 4.8). Excess deaths were also due to malignant disease (1.4, 1.0 to 1.9), mainly lung cancer. The number of deaths for all other causes was close to expected.
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Comment |
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| Top Subjects and methods Results Comment References |
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Women who undergo cosmetic surgery for breast augmentation are more likely to
commit suicide than women from the general population. The 50% excess
mortality found by us in our prospective study of 3000 Swedish women
contrasts with the decreased mortality reported from the United
States.2 This may reflect different reasons
for self selection for plastic surgery or may be an effect of
losses to follow up in the American study. Both the American study
and our study did, however, show an increased risk for suicide in
women opting for breast augmentation. Our excess mortality was
explained by the excess of suicides and deaths from malignant
disease. Deaths due to malignancy were mainly linked to smoking,
previously shown as common in our cohort.5 Given
the well documented link between psychiatric disorders and a desire
for cosmetic surgery, the increased risk for death from suicide may
reflect a greater prevalence of psychopathology rather than a causal
association between implant surgery and suicide.3
Surgeons evaluating candidates for breast implant surgery need to be
vigilant for subtle signs of psychiatric problems.
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Acknowledgments |
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Contributors: VCMK, the principal investigator, discussed the core ideas, performed the record linkages, outlined and performed analyses, and wrote most of the paper. PHMP discussed the core ideas and participated in data interpretation and writing of the paper. FG participated in discussions about the core ideas, made suggestions about analyses, and helped VCMK with the practical analysis. DEG discussed the core ideas, the design of the study, the interpretation of the data, and writing of the paper. ON initiated the research, discussed the core ideas, formulated the primary study hypothesis, made suggestions about analyses and interpretation of the data, and supervised the writing. DEG and ON will act as guarantors for the paper.
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Footnotes |
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Funding: This work was supported by a contract from the International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MA. VCMK was financially supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research.
Competing interests: None declared.
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References |
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| Top Subjects and methods Results Comment References |
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| 1. | Angell M. Evaluating the health risks of breast
implants: the interplay of medical science, the law, and public
opinion. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1513-1518 |
| 2. | Brinton LA, Lubin JH, Burich MC, Colton T, Hoover RN. Mortality among augmentation mammoplasty patients. Epidemiology 2001; 12: 321-326[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]. |
| 3. | Hasan JS. Psychological issues in cosmetic surgery: a functional overview. Ann Plast Surg 2000; 44: 89-96[ISI][Medline]. |
| 4. | Nyren O, Yin L, Josefsson S, McLaughlin JK, Blot
WJ, Engqvist M, et al. Risk of connective tissue disease and related
disorders among women with breast implants: a nation-wide
retrospective cohort study in Sweden. BMJ 1998; 316: 417-422 |
| 5. | Fryzek JP, Weiderpass E, Signorello LB, Hakelius L, Lipworth L, Blot WJ, et al. Characteristics of women with cosmetic breast augmentation surgery compared with breast reduction surgery patients and women in the general population of Sweden. Ann Plast Surg 2000; 45: 349-356[ISI][Medline]. |
(Accepted 17 January 2003)
© 2003 BMJ
Publishing Group Ltd
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