In many
ways, Ashton Smith was a typical teenager.
The
16-year-old wanted to learn to drive, yearned for more independence. He
desperately wanted to make more friends, his mother, Roseanne Smith, said
recently.
But clouding
the typical teenage desires was Ashtons autism, which made many of these things
difficult. Roseanne Smith said she tried to help her son through some of the
problems that plague teens who have Asperger syndrome.
They
bitterly fought over the past year, with police responding four times to the
Mountlake Terrace apartment they shared. The most recent time, on May 17, about
three weeks before the teen disappeared, police said they arrested a juvenile
boy at the apartment. They declined to say whether it was Ashton.
Smith
conceded her son had been depressed in the past. She said he once attempted
suicide. But she insisted he had overcome his depression.
Whether
these problems played a role in Ashtons death is part of a police investigation
that began as a runaway case and now is being treated as a homicide.
The
Snohomish County Medical Examiners Office yesterday confirmed a body found in a
wooded lot near his Mountlake Terrace apartment was that of Ashton.
Officials
said he died of a single, small-caliber gunshot wound to the head, apparently
from a handgun found next to the body.
While the
Medical Examiners Office has not determined whether Ashton was slain or
committed suicide, Lynnwood Police Cmdr. Paul Watkins said police are handling
the case as a homicide for the sake of evidence preservation.
Realistically, it (homicide) is nothing more than a term, Watkins said
yesterday.
Ashton was
last seen on the night of June 9 in the cabana area of his apartment complex in
the 5400 block of 212th Street Southwest in Mountlake Terrace. Last week, while
police were searching for Ashton, his mother discovered that a .22-caliber
handgun she kept in a locked safe had been taken from her bedroom.
She feared
that Ashton had taken the gun.
Police
yesterday declined to say whether that was the handgun found near his body.
Mountlake Terrace Police Sgt. Craig McCaul said the gun is being tested to see
who fired it and whether it belonged to Roseanne Smith.
Police say
no suicide note was found near the body or in Ashtons home.
In trying to
determine what happened in the final hours of Ashtons life, police are
examining the teens behavior over the past few months as well interviewing his
parents.
McCaul said
between May 4, 2002, and May 17 of this year, officers responded to four 911
calls made from the Smiths apartment. He said all of them were reports of
domestic disputes between Ashton and his mother.
Questioned
after Ashtons disappearance, his father, Wesley Smith, told police the teen was
depressed and possibly suicidal.
But Roseanne
Smith, who is divorced from Ashtons father, said her son had been doing better
over the past few months. Unlike many children who have Asperger syndrome,
Ashton didnt take medication, she said, because he didnt need it.
She recently
said they argued, mainly over issues related to Ashton wanting more
independence. She attributed the arguments to the growing pains experienced by
many teenagers.
Asperger
syndrome is a high-functioning form of autism, characterized by regimentation or
repetitiveness. Those with the syndrome tend to follow rigid, predictable
patterns, according to Geraldine Dawson, a University of Washington psychologist
and director of the schools Autism Center.
She said
children who have Asperger syndrome have much better language and cognitive
abilities than most children diagnosed with classic autism.
Chris
Cowles, a clinical psychologist at Childrens Hospital and Regional Medical
Center in Seattle, said teens with the syndrome often are depressed because they
are well aware of their disorder or how they are different.
Helen
Powell, who runs the Seattle-based Asperger Support Network, said, Imagine
being different, really quite different, but being intelligent enough to know
you are different.
Powell,
whose 17-year-old son has Asperger, said teens with the syndrome often get
teased unmercifully.
They dont
have the skills to deal with being teased, she said. They are so naive
socially. They are the perfect victim.
Cowles said
many teens yearn for independence from their families but want acceptance and
recognition from their peers.
suffered
from Asperger syndrome. The condition may
have been a
factor in his death earlier this month.
High-functioning autism. People with this disorder dont get the joke, or most
other interpersonal cues that society takes for granted. They have difficulty
with communication and social skills, and can become preoccupied with one narrow
subject. But they are typically bright and often excel in math, science and
high-tech. Unrecognized and untreated until recently, the disorder is now the
focus of research, classes and hope.
Ashton Smith
knew he didnt fit in.
The
16-year-old Mountlake Terrace boy couldnt make friends. The jokes, camaraderie
and easy conversation typical of teenagers were beyond his grasp. The social
cues that guide most people through the world were as impenetrable to him as a
concrete wall.
The problems
are typical for people like Smith, who suffer from Asperger syndrome, a
neurological malady that dooms many of its victims to a lonely life and dead-end
jobs despite higher-than-average intelligence.
In Smiths
case, the condition, a form of autism, may have been a factor in his death
earlier this month.
More than
five weeks after his mother reported him missing, the boys body was discovered
in the woods near their apartment. He was shot once in the head by a handgun
that lay at his side. (See related story.) Though police havent determined
whether the death was suicide or homicide, Smiths parents said he had been
depressed and had tried to kill himself once before.
I hope this
will bring to light how isolated these kids are and how misunderstood, said
Helen Powell, who runs the Asperger Support Network in Seattle. Their world can
look pretty bleak.
Threats of
suicide are very common, even among youngsters, said Powell, whose 17-year-old
son has Asperger syndrome. Ive heard it from 4- and 5-year-olds.
Until nine
years ago, the disorder went unrecognized, and kids who had it were simply
labeled weird.
When the
diagnosis became official in 1994, schools finally had a place to put that
weird kid theyd been diagnosing with ADD (attention-deficit disorder) or
whatever, said Mary Meyer, whose daughter has Asperger and who heads the adult
chapter of the Asperger Syndrome Education Network in Northern New Jersey, where
she lives.
An estimated
one out of every 1,000 people suffers from the syndrome, named for the Austrian
pediatrician who first described it in 1944. Much progress has been made in
identifying children with the disorder, but there remain thousands of adults who
were never correctly diagnosed.
Meyers
28-year-old daughter, Susan, saw psychiatrists from the age of 5 but was only
given a name for her problem when she was in college. By that time, the young
woman was seriously depressed.
Every week
now, Susan Meyer attends a social-skills group at West Bergen Mental Healthcare
in Ridgewood, N.J.
Karen Roe
started the Seattle Asperger Syndrome Education and Support Group five years ago
after struggling with the condition herself and watching her son, now 11, face
the same social awkwardness that set her apart from others.
I always
felt like I didnt belong on the same planet, she said.
Roe, who
became a counselor specializing in Asperger, offers an intensive training
program called The Gift of Gab to help teens and adults learn how to converse
more easily and read other peoples body language and moods.
People with
Asperger are often particularly competent in high-tech fields. In 2001, Wired
magazine ran an article suggesting that the couplings of technologically
brilliant but socially inept people may be to blame for huge increases in the
number of children with Asperger syndrome and autism in areas such as
Californias Silicon Valley.
Roe says her
training program is particularly useful for people who hold jobs at Boeing,
Microsoft and other Northwest technology companies.
They can
often get the job, she said, but its hard for them to hold it because of
their difficulty with communication and social skills.
Movies with
no sound Dr. Jeanne Marron, clinical director for Asperger services at West
Bergen, said the above-average intelligence of most of her clients makes it
possible to teach them how to read and react to social cues, an instinctive
skill they lack.
For example,
she shows them movies with the sound turned down, guiding them to examine the
changes in peoples expressions during emotional scenes. One study showed that
people in the (Asperger) spectrum only focused on the mouth, whereas most people
scan the eyes and the entire face, Marron said. We get them to do this.
Susan Meyer
said this training has helped her become better at dealing with people who are
angry or have different opinions than I do.
Researchers
at the University of Washingtons Autism Center are investigating whether its
possible to switch on brain regions involved in recognizing faces and reading
expressions, which generally show very little activity in people with Asperger.
In the project, which is just getting started, children are repeatedly shown
photographs and coached on what to look for, said center director Geraldine
Dawson, co-author of A Parents Guide to Asperger Syndrome and High-Functioning
Autism. Later, their brains will be scanned again to see if activity levels
have increased.
Thus far,
genetic research has revealed no medical answer to the disorder, although MRI
scans show significant differences in nerve-cell connections in the brains of
people with Asperger syndrome.
In the
meantime, education and support are the interventions of choice, said Peter
Gerhardt, executive director of Nassau/Suffolk Services for Autism in New
Jersey. With adults, it runs the gamut from how to get a job to how to avoid
being a victim of sexual abuse.
Without an
ability to understand subtleties in conversation and body language, its easy to
get taken advantage of, emotionally and physically.
Gerhardt was
formerly at Rutgers Douglass College, where he formed a social-skills group
that Susan Meyer attended. He dubbed the group Aspies With an Attitude.
Bestowing
this nickname, said Mary Meyer, was an incredibly important way to help them
form an identity, a sense of belonging and self-esteem even though its a
strange kind of belonging.
Gerhardt
said his mission is to raise awareness about his patients. I present their
stories at autism conferences, to get the message out about who they are, and
that they are interesting and should be valued, he said.
Dawson, who
directs the UWs center, said she also emphasizes the positive qualities of
Asperger syndrome in her book. Many Aspies possess an amazing capacity for
visualization that makes them well-suited to engineering, architecture and art.
And their ability to memorize staggering amounts of information is a skill many
envy.
Instead of
just focusing on the challenges, were just as interested in the unique traits
and capabilities, Dawson said.
A virtual
birthday party An online program called KidTalk developed by the University of
Washington and Microsoft aims to relieve the isolation of youngsters with
Asperger by offering a nonthreatening environment where they can converse by
computer. The program presents social situations, such as a birthday party, then
guides kids through the intricacies of the social interactions through a
chat-room format. A trained therapist listens in, offering private tips and
comments to help children interact more smoothly.
It can be
easier for kids with Asperger to have more intimate and deep relationships by
computer, when theyre not overwhelmed by face-to-face interaction, Dawson
said.
Two other
vast challenges remain for adult Aspies: employment and housing.
James, 46,
lives with his widowed father and cannot hold a job despite his genius IQ. He
spends his days in front of the TV and the computer, reading Old English
literature and leaving the house only for martial-arts classes. His father,
Dave, worries that when he dies, James will have nowhere to go and no means of
support.
He can take
care of himself, and he can drive, but he doesnt have economic self-sufficiency
and cant plan ahead, Dave said.
With
Marrons help, James has been learning how to prepare for job interviews. Some
Aspies also need her help making sure they have a working atmosphere free of
loud noises or flashing lights. I think for our higher-functioning people,
there is hope of getting a meaningful job, Marron said.
Susan Meyer
longed to become a teacher, but she fears thats not possible. Instead, after
several unfulfilling part-time jobs, this college graduate is looking into
training as a locksmith.
Marron said
the health-care center is seeking funding for a residential program where staff
members would check in regularly, monitoring the budgeting and housekeeping
tasks that often prove difficult for people with Asperger.
My
long-range goal is to help every one of these Aspies have as productive a life
as possible, said Mary Meyer. So many of them could make such a wonderful
contribution to society.
This story
was written by Abigail Leichman of The Record (Bergen County, N.J.) with
Washington state information contributed by Seattle Times staff reporter Sandi
Doughton.
Characteristics of
Asperger syndrome
Extreme
inability to interpret social cues.
Difficulty
understanding other peoples feelings.
Difficulty
judging personal space; motor clumsiness.
Marked
impairment in the use of multiple nonverbal behaviors such as eye gaze, facial
expression, body posture and gestures to regulate social interaction.
Difficulty
in developing age-appropriate peer relationships.
Hypersensitivity to loud noises, clothing, food textures and odors.
Impaired
speech and language skills in volume, intonation, inflection and rhythm; may
exhibit professorial speaking style.
Inflexible
or obsessive adherence to routines; repetitive behaviors.
Preoccupation with a particular subject to the exclusion of all others.
Socially
and emotionally inappropriate responses.
Strong
sense of honesty, justice and fairness.
A desire
to be helpful, obedient and accommodating.
Strong
ties to home and family.
Creativity
in several areas of interest.
Uncompromising principles.
High
personal standards.
Good
organization skills.
Asperger
Resources (Northwestern states and National.)
The
University of Washington Autism Center offers diagnosis and
treatment:
depts.washington.edu/uwautism/, or phone: 206-221-6806; e-mail:
leenk@u.washington.edu
Information on KidTalk, an online program developed by the University of
Washington and Microsoft for youngsters with Asperger is available at the UW
address above.
The Web
site Asperger Northwest lists support groups and programs:
aspergersnw.tripod.com
The
Seattle Asperger Syndrome Education and Support Group meets monthly. For more
information or details on Gift of Gab classes to help teens and adults learn
to converse, read moods and body language, contact Karen Roe, 206-782-2232 or
fishmama@qwest.net
The
Seattle Asperger Parent Support Group holds meetings and publishes a newsletter.
Contact the group at: seattleaspergers@yahoo.com.
Information about a national organization, the Asperger Syndrome Coalition of
the United States, can be found at:
www.asperger.org.
Reading Materials
A Parents
Guide to Asperger Syndrome and High-Functioning Autism by Sally Ozonoff and
Geraldine Dawson (Guilford Press).
Asperger
Syndrome, the Universe and Everything by Kenneth Hall (Jessica Kingsley
Publishers).
Asperger
Syndrome & Your Child: A Parents Guide by Dr. Michael D. Powers
(HarperResource).
Eating an
Artichoke: A Mothers Perspective on Asperger Syndrome by Echo R. Fling and
Tony Attwood (Jessica Kingsley).
Asperger
Syndrome and Adolescence: Helping Preteens and Teens Get Ready for the Real
World by Dr. Teresa Bolick (Fair Winds).
Asperger
Syndrome and Adolescence: Practical Solutions for School Success by Brenda
Smith Myles and Diane Adreon (Autism Asperger Publishing Co.).
Freaks,
Geeks and Asperger Syndrome: A User Guide to Adolescence by Luke Jackson and
Tony Attwood (Jessica Kingsley).
Finding
Ben: A Mothers Journey Through the Maze of Asperger by Barbara LaSalle
(McGraw-Hill)
Francesca
Rankin can still see glimmers of her brilliant boy beneath the autism thats
coiled around his mind.
Her son
Josh, 17, can recite phrases from a vocabulary that spans at least six
languages. If hes ever learned your birthday, he can tell it to you from
memory. He can recite Edward Lears The Owl and the Pussycat, a 33-line
British poem, start to finish, and with a rhythm as smooth and clipped as, say,
actor Joaquin Phoenix, to whom Josh bears a striking physical resemblance.
But ask Josh
the name of the poem, and he probably cant understand why youd want to know.
Try to hold a conversation in Japanese or French or even English and he wont
get past a couple of sentences.
Autism is a
complex developmental disability that affects cognitive functions, including an
individuals ability to socialize, communicate and concentrate. Until the onset
of the condition, at age 2, Josh was considered perfectly healthy and gifted,
his mother said.
Hes made
tremendous strides in the past few years, she said, but he still requires extra
attention that she cannot always give him.
Josh is a
participant in a new summer program called Strive, designed for students too old
to attend other programs for youth with developmental disabilities. Those
administering the new program say theyre bridging a gap in special education on
Hilton Head Island. Because many of the areas developmentally disabled children
are ready to leave the public school system, they have found themselves without
the summer programs that keep their skills from deteriorating.
Nineteen
children with childhood autism and 8 with Aspergers syndrome aged 2-8 year,
were treated with cerebrolysin (CL) in inpatient clinic. All the patients
received 10 microinjections (intramuscularly and perinervously) of 0.1 ml CL
daily during 5 days. Clinical study was combined with device estimation of
cognitive functions and communicative skills. CL therapy resulted in improvement
of cognitive functions (expressive and receptive speech, fine motoring,
playing). Positive effects were revealed in all the patients with Aspergers
syndrome and in 89% of the patients with childhood autism. Any negative effects
were not found.
With regard
to cognitive functions development, therapeutic efficacy proved to be more
pronounced in the patients with Aspergers syndrome as compared to childhood
autistic group (p < 0.005).
PMID:
12872620 [PubMed - in process]
* * *
TREATMENT
Children Blamed
For Hyperactivity Are Victims Of Poor Parenting
Hundreds of
thousands of children prescribed the drug Ritalin for hyperactivity might simply
be the victims of lax parenting, new evidence suggests.
A British
scientist has cast doubt on the existence of conditions such as attention
deficit disorder (ADD), which will fuel the controversy over the increasing use
of Ritalin.
Warwick
Dyer, a behavioural expert, claims parents need to accept more blame for their
childrens disorders and move away from the chemical cosh of prescription
drugs.
He has
developed a programme that focuses on the way parents behave towards their
children - and claims a 100 per cent success rate over the past five years.
Remarkably, he never sees the child involved, and has just one face-to-face
consultation with the parents. The rest of his work is limited to a daily
telephone briefing with the parents on how to treat their child.
Mr Dyers
theory is based on simple ideas such as a rigid system of rewards and sanctions
for good and bad behaviour, with an insistence on politeness towards parents -
and a demand that mothers and fathers control their tempers as well.
Mr Dyer
said: I am open-minded about whether ADD exists or not, but what is certainly
clear is that a lot of symptoms ascribed to such disorders are in fact easily
confused with basic behavioural problems that dont need to be treated with a
drug.
Parenting
is not a democracy. You need to give your child what they want - love and
attention - but on your terms, not theirs.
Mr Dyers
work is now the subject of a Channel 4 Cutting Edge documentary, to be broadcast
tomorrow.
One in 10
children is now diagnosed with ADD or the related attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Ritalin is
an amphetamine with a similar potency to cocaine, and prescribing in Britain has
soared one hundredfold in the past 10 years. In 1990, just 3,000 children were
on the drug; today, there are 345,000 taking it, costing the NHS more than £3m a
year. The drug is being given to children as young as 18 months old.
Now a
growing lobby of parents, doctors and other experts is questioning whether ADD
or ADHD exist.
Mr Dyer was
a primary school teacher in the East End of London until he retired and set up
the Behaviour Change Consultancy. He now sees about 30 families a year, and
claims his techniques work with everyone, from the youngest children to
teenagers.
He said:
The problem is that a lot of parents simply arent being parents. In the last
20 years, parents have started talking to their children a lot more, but they
have stopped being in control of them.
They have
tended to examine how they were brought up and reject what they thought was bad,
but they havent taken on what was good. Children are instinctively artful and
will try to put themselves in control of their parents. I put parents back in
control.
His back to
basics approach worked to stunning effect with Fred and Diane from Essex, and
their seven-year-old daughter, Georgina, who are featured in the Cutting Edge
documentary. Georgina had been prescribed Ritalin and been diagnosed with
special needs because of her appalling temper tantrums and violent behaviour.
She was expelled from her first playgroup at the age of two and a half, and her
parents were so desperate that last year they had decided to put her into care.
But within
weeks of adopting Mr Dyers techniques, Georginas behaviour had improved.
Fred, who
runs a wedding video business, and Diane, a civil servant, had to spend seven
months in daily phone calls to Mr Dyer, where they had to describe her behaviour
in detail, and accept castigations from the expert when they deviated from the
sanction system.
At one point
he told the couple: Its not her fault that you cant control her. She has
wrapped you around her little finger. You arent accepting that there isnt
anything wrong with your daughter.
By the end
of the seven months, Georgina was having less than two tantrums a month and
while her special needs diagnosis was being reviewed.
Diane said:
The change has been incredible. This has all been done without Ritalin. Before,
I hated her. Now, she is a normal child. I feel guilty when I look back to how I
treated her before.
Janice Hill,
of the Overload Network, a parent support organisation,
said: Warwick
Dyer has shown that the idea of ADHD is a myth. Children are being given a drug
that has the same pharmacology as cocaine when in fact all they and their
parents need are help with their behaviour.
Doctors
should stop dishing out Ritalin and start using safe alternatives, which have
been proven to work.
The case
centres on whether the girls should have the MMR vaccine Two women who were
ordered by the courts to have their children vaccinated with the controversial
MMR jab could appeal against the decision. They will make an application to
appeal at the Royal Courts of Justice later on Thursday.
The High
Court ruled in June that two young girls should be given the three-in-one jab
against the wishes of their mothers.
In a
landmark ruling, Mr Justice Sumner found in favour of the childrens fathers,
who want the girls to receive the vaccine.
He also
ruled that the girls, who are aged four and 10, should be immunised against
other diseases, including diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, polio, and
meningitis.
Safety
concerns
It is
understood that in both of these cases the mothers are against their daughters
being given the three-in-one vaccine because of concerns over its safety.
Studies have
suggested the jab may be linked to autism and bowel disease. However, these
claims have been dismissed by doctors and the government, who all insist it is
safe.
Its
outrageous that, in a free society, a judge could make such a decision
Mother of
one of the girls Mr Justice Sumner ruled that it was in the girls best
interests to be given the three-in-one jab.
He rejected
the idea of giving the girls separate vaccinations against mumps, measles or
rubella, saying that the gap between jabs could put them at risk of getting
these diseases.
Both girls
in this case live alone with their mothers. Their parents are either divorced or
separated.
None of the
people involved in the case can be identified for legal reasons.
Mr Justice
Sumner said his decision was influenced by evidence given by medical experts.
The ruling
sparked controversy not least because it could have implications for many
parents in similar situations across the country.
One of the
mothers issued a statement after last months High Court ruling criticising the
decision.
She said:
Its outrageous that, in a free society, a judge could make such a decision.
The British
Medical Association has backed the High Court ruling. However, it has been
criticised by anti-MMR campaigners, including JABS.
* * *
LETTERS
A Miracle Story
for President Bush
[This open
letter to the President comes from Christina Adams, MFA, who has written about
autism for the Los Angeles Times, the Los Angeles Times Magazine, and NPR.]
Dear
President Bush,
The Schafer
Autism Report recently reported that you had no time to deal with autism. I
understand, because once I had no time to deal with it either. I was busy with
my new second career. You see, I once worked for people you know in my first
career, before I started and lost a second career to autism. I worked in the
Pentagon, helping keep the Armys weapon systems program strong, then edited
the Pentagons newspaper, which you might have seen lying around the building.
Then I worked in the Wisconsin State Legislature, for a Republican leader, and
often coordinated work with then-governor, now US health secretary, Tommy
Thompson. After that I worked very hard in Los Angeles promoting the B-2 Bomber
programs and others at Northrop Grumman, for a time working for your own Army
secretary James Roach.
You see, I
was once like you and the people you know.
Then autism
struck my son. My husband and I dropped everything, hired a lawyer, spent
thousands of dollars to fund round-the-clock interventions, learned about
special diets, medicines, special ed, and therapies of all stripes. I became
unable to leave my home, since someone has to be present when 40 hours per week
of in-home therapy is taking place. I cant convey the agony, the economic loss,
the fear my husband and I experienced. But we are among the fortunate. Due to
the money spent on my son and his own innate talents, he has passed two
kindergarten screening tests undetected, and doctors who do not know his history
think his prior diagnosis of autism was a mistake. I can assure you that the
child who went from head-banging, biting and social isolation is now a loving,
gifted child with great speech and intelligence, and friends. Yes, he has
friends. A miracle.
So it looks
as if future presidents wont have to spend 3 million dollars over my sons
lifetime to institutionalize him.
No one has
time for autism. But autism is slowly devouring this countrys economic future,
pitting the needs of well children against special ed kids. There are ten kids
in my neighborhood with autism now, Mr. President. How can that be? Wont you
please help us find out?
By the way,
in the early days of my sons diagnosis, I went to see Congressman Christopher
Cox. I explained about autism to him in the 2 minutes he could give me, and
asked him to respond to me. I came home to find out that my 3-year-old son had
run away. Kids with autism often do this. A helicopter was launched, a SWAT team
came to my door to ask for a photo of him, and neighbors searched the area for
my child. After 45 of the most surreal moments of my life, a neighbor found him,
far down the street. Fortunately, all these people had time to help me find my
son.
I never
heard from Congressman Cox.
Wont you
help us find whats decimating a generation of kids?
DISCLAIMER:
All information, data, and material contained, presented, or provided here
is for general information purposes only and is not to be construed as
reflecting the knowledge or opinions of the publisher, and is not to be
construed or intended as providing medical or legal advice. The decision
whether or not to vaccinate is an important and complex issue and should
be made by you, and you alone, in consultation with your health care
provider.
"A foolish faith in authority is the worst enemy of truth."
-- Albert Einstein, letter to a friend, 1901
"I know of no safe depository of the ultimate powers of the society but the people themselves, and if we think them not enlightened enough to exercise control with a wholesome discretion, the remedy is not to take it from them, but to inform their discretion by education."
-- Thomas Jefferson, letter to William C. Jarvis, September 28, 1820
"What's the point of vaccination if it doesn't protect you from the unvaccinated?"
-- Sandy Gottstein
"Who gets to decide what the greater good is and how many will be sacrificed to it?"