* A New Look At
Birth Defects: Wheat Herbicides Suspected
* Gates Aims
Billions to Attack Illnesses of Worlds Neediest
* FDA Plans to
Grade Product Health Claims
RESEARCH -
Abstracts, contains technical language.
* Narrative
Skills Of Children With Communication Impairments
* Screening for
ASD In Adult Psychiatric Outpatients In A Clinic
In Taiwan
* Elevated
Levels Of Measles Antibodies In Children With Autism
* Executive
Skills In Klinefelters Syndrome
EDUCATION
* Autistic Teen
At Center Of Battle
* School Board
Urged to Cut Special-Ed Centers
LETTERS
* An Ironic
Form Of Herd Immunity
*
Gastrointestinal Problems In Kids With Autism
PUBLIC HEALTH
A New Look At
Birth Defects: Wheat Herbicides Suspected Scientist says study does not make a
direct link between birth defects and use of the chemicals, but findings do
strongly suggest more research is needed
AP - Babies
born in major wheat-producing counties were twice as likely to have birth
defects as those born in rural counties with low wheat production, a new federal
study shows.
The
research, published in the July issue of Environmental Health Perspectives, a
peer-reviewed journal of the National Institutes of Health, suggests exposure to
common herbicides applied to wheat could be responsible for the increased rate
of birth defects.
The study
was conducted by Dr. Dina Schreinemachers, a researcher with the Environmental
Protection Agency in North Carolina. She examined more than 43,000 births from
1995 to 1997 in 147 rural counties in Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota and
Minnesota.
She divided
the counties by their rates of wheat production according to U.S. Department of
Agriculture data, then compared the rates of birth defects among children born
in the counties as provided by the National Center for Health Statistics.
Schreinemachers said results of her study indicate that in rural, agricultural
counties with high wheat production - where the use of chlorophenoxy herbicides
is higher - rates of certain birth defects significantly increased.
Specifically, instances of circulatory-respiratory and musculoskeletal defects
were twice as frequent in high-wheat counties, she said.
Even more
significant, baby boys born in high-wheat counties and conceived during April or
June - when herbicide application normally is in full swing - were nearly five
times as likely to have birth defects than boys conceived during other times of
the year and born in counties with low wheat production, the study concluded.
Death rates
from birth defects among male infants in high-wheat counties also were more than
twice the rates of low-wheat counties, the study found.
Schreinemachers said Thursday the disparity between male and female infants was
not clear.
She said her
study does not make a direct link between birth defects and use of the
chemicals. It also did not determine whether the children with birth defects
were born to parents who had direct contact with the herbicides. But the study
strongly suggests that more research is needed, she said.
We do not
know how much of these herbicides was used in those particular counties, for
instance she said. But we know that according to the USDA, these herbicides
are used most often on spring and durum wheat.
A
spokeswoman for CropLife America, the trade group for agriculture chemical
makers, did not immediately return a telephone call seeking comment on the
study.
The findings
are similar to conclusions contained in a 1996 study by Dr. Vincent Garry of the
University of Minnesota.
His study of
births in Minnesota between 1989 and 1992 found a higher rate of birth defects
in western Minnesota, where chlorophenoxy herbicides are applied to wheat. That
study, however, also implicated certain fungicides as a possible cause.
Chlorophenoxy herbicides are widely used to control weeds in grain farming. In
the four wheat-producing states included in Schreinemachers study, more than 85
percent of the wheat acreage was treated with herbicides such as 2,4-D and
4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid, or MCPA, the study said.
Dr. Michael
Spence, Montanas state medical officer, said he was aware of Schreinemachers
study, but had not reviewed it yet. However, he said the findings were not a
surprise, since the herbicides have been linked to other health problems in
previous studies.
An ongoing
study funded jointly by the National Cancer Institute, National Institute of
Environmental Health and the EPA is tracking 90,000 herbicide applicators and
their spouses to look for possible health effects of pesticides.
Philanthropists do not typically lavish their money on swine. Or mosquitoes, for
that matter.
But Bill
Gates is no ordinary philanthropist. If immunizing pigs can end the spread of
tapeworms, which cause virulent neurological disorders, he will pay to vaccinate
them. If mosquitoes can be neutralized as malaria carriers by altering their
genetic code, his money and lots of it will support the research.
The basic
science that can be applied to these problems has been advanced greatly, Mr.
Gates, the chairman of Microsoft, said in a recent interview at the companys
headquarters in Redmond, Wash. So all you have to do is take a modest amount of
the rich worlds resources to have a huge impact on the poor world.
Modest is
a relative term, particularly when the person using it is the worlds richest
man and is speaking of his plans to solve intractable health problems on a
global scale.
The Bill &
Melinda Gates Foundation, which has distributed $6.2 billion since its founding
less than four years ago, has pledged more than half of that total, or $3.2
billion, to improving health in the developing world. The foundations influence
now rivals that of the World Health Organization and Unicef.
Here is one
point of comparison: The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, a
partnership of 14 countries with private charities, foundations and industry,
plans to spend roughly $1.5 billion to fight those diseases over the next two to
three years, some $50 million or $60 million of which comes from the Gates
Foundation. The Gates Foundation on its own has already spent more than $610
million on those diseases, and will spend at least another $478 million by the
end of 2005.
The
foundations influence can already be seen in rising vaccination rates in some
of the worlds poorest countries, in clinical trials of drugs that are promising
but have limited commercial potential and in new devices that make the delivery
of health care easier and cheaper.
Dr. Tore
Godal, executive secretary of Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization, a
major Gates beneficiary, said it had delivered more than 180 million doses of
vaccines since 2000, thus saving more than 100,000 lives. Mr. Gates figures that
his philanthropy will have touched more than a million lives by the end of the
decade, and his goal is to reach tens of millions more.
Bill Gates
is going to be remembered more for what he did for international public health
than what he did for the world of computers, predicted Richard T. Mahoney, a
professor at Arizona State University who has wide experience dealing with
health issues in poor countries.
Those who
think of Mr. Gates as a ruthless billionaire monopolist, the man who was so
testy and sarcastic with government prosecutors during the Microsoft antitrust
trial, may find it hard to reconcile that image with one of a humorously
self-deprecating philanthropist.
Many
suspected that Mr. Gatess plunge into works of charity, which took off at the
time of the trial, was aimed at polishing his image.
But if his
foundation is a public relations exercise, it is one that experts in the field
agree is innovative, ambitious and bold.
It seems to
me and Ive been following his work that this is a guy with a vision, said
Michael Bailin, president of the Edna Clark McConnell Foundation. Hes willing
to put his money out there and make some big but good gambles on some of the
most important issues there are.
Where the
fledgling Gates Foundation once sought guidance from philanthropic bluebloods
like Rockefeller and Carnegie, budding philanthropists are now turning to Gates
for advice. In April, Michael S. Dell, the computer billionaire who is quietly
increasing his philanthropy, sent Janet Mountain, the new executive director of
his foundation, to Seattle to see how the Gates Foundation does things. What she
saw was a foundation that spreads its wealth generously but cautiously, hedging
its bets by financing collaborative efforts that involve governments, private
industry, scientists, nonprofit groups and agencies like Unicef.
Fully 80
percent of the foundations contributions to global health are funneled through
public-private partnerships that bring together all the parties needed to
sustain successful programs.
In part,
that approach is a necessity: the foundation needs a big conduit to accommodate
its big grants.
Teachers
wont be the only ones issuing grades from now on. The Food and Drug
Administration plans to start grading health claims on product labels.
The ranking
system will assign letter grades -- ranging from A to D -- on each claim a
company makes, indicating the quality and strength of the scientific evidence
that supports the claim.
We want to
see more of a focus on getting that information out to consumers and we want to
see more of a focus on food producers competing based on the health consequences
of their products, says FDA Commissioner Dr. Mark McClellan.
The measure
is intended to encourage the manufacturers of foods, beverages and dietary
supplements to present only health claims that are firmly backed by sound
science. An FDA spokesperson said the new grades are intended to inform
consumers about the products they buy.
But
consumers wont see the changes right away. The new regulations take effect in
September, but itll likely be months after that before consumers see any change
in their food labels, reports ABCNEWS correspondent Lisa Stark.
Health Claim
Report Card Under the new plan, an A grade will be assigned to claims
supported by many well-designed studies. For instance, if a food high in fiber
boasts the ability to ones reduce risk of colon cancer, the claim will be given
an A since the link between fiber and gastrointestinal cancers has been well
established by scientific research.
Health
claims with good but not entirely conclusive supporting evidence will be
assigned a B designation. Label statements made with little or no conclusive
evidence to back them up will fall into C and D categories.
This new
proposal does not censor the health claims; rather, it retains claims while
noting their strength. The measure might have been prompted by the 1999 court
decision, Pearson v. Shalala , which requires the FDA to permit all truthful and
non-misleading health information on herbal supplement labels, says Dr. Alice
Lichtenstein, director and senior scientist at the Cardiovascular Nutrition
Laboratory at Tufts University in Medford, Mass.
The system
is an excellent approach, says Dr. David Katz, director of Yale Universitys
Prevention Research Center in New Haven, Conn.
Katz says
the program will be particularly helpful because consumers are becoming
increasingly responsible for reaching their own health-care decisions, which may
often be based on direct-to-consumer advertising. This initiative would provide
consumers with information in a recognizable way so that they are informed about
what it is they are buying.
A changing
and flexible grading system can also mirror the advances made in science as new
health claims are studied and explored, adds Lichtenstein. Consumers could
therefore be kept up to speed on the latest scientific evidence and what they
are buying.
Noralyn
Wilson, a registered dietitian and spokeswoman for the American Dietetic
Association, believes consumers will be well-protected by this particular
measure, particularly people who consume dietary supplements. The FDA is just
trying to get its arms around it [the dietary supplement industry], she says.
Consumer
Concern Currently, only health claims proven conclusively through science are
printed on product labels. Some experts say that this new measure is a step in
the wrong direction.
Todays FDA
action lowers the standard for making health claims and it means that health
claims on food packages will be less reliable. The agency is presenting a
marketing advantage to the food companies at the expense of consumer welfare,
says Bruce Silverglade of the Washington-based Center for Science in the Public
Interest.
I think the
grading system is going to make American shoppers even more confused about
nutrition, says Jeffrey Hampl, a registered dietitian at Arizona State
University in Mesa. Shoppers wont be paying close attention to the A, B, C or
D. Theyll see the health claim and base their decision to buy on that.
Other
experts assert that a passing out letter grades may not be so easily applied to
health promises as it is to students, and believe that only claims for which
there is sound scientific proof should be allowed on labels.
No more
fables on labels, please, says Dr. Keith-Thomas Ayoob, associate professor of
nutrition at Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York. He contends that
because claims receiving C and D statements are not sufficiently backed by
scientific research, they simply have no place on a product label.
Although
expert opinions are mixed, all agree that consumers deserve to be informed.
[We] need to focus resources in answering these uncertainties, says
Lichtenstein, and potentially modify the system on the basis of what is
learned.
To see more
on this story, go to
http://www.ABCNews.go.com Copyright 2003 ABCNEWS.com. All rights reserved.
Oxford Study of
Childrens Communication Impairments, Oxford, UK.
Background:
Narrative assessment is sensitive to the communication impairments of children
with specific language impairment and those with autistic spectrum disorders.
Although
both groups of children tend to show deficits in narrative, it is unclear
whether these deficits are qualitatively different and how language and
pragmatic ability may impact on narrative competence.
Comparing
these two groups of children with children who exhibit pragmatic language
impairment without autism may help to clarify these issues.
Aims: This
study explored the relationship between structural language ability and
pragmatic competence in narrative in children with communication impairments and
typically developing children.
Methods and
Procedures: Diagnostic status was determined using the Childrens Communication
Checklist.
All children
were asked to generate a narrative to the wordless picture book Frog, Where are
You? (Mayer 1969).
Narratives
were analysed according to their global structure, local linguistic structure
and the childs ability to provide evaluative comments, especially about mental
or emotional states.
Outcomes and
Results: No group differences were seen in global structure or evaluation.
Children
with specific language impairment and autistic disorder made more syntactic
errors, and children with autism were significantly more likely to provide
ambiguous references in the story.
No
significant relationships were evident between the Childrens Communication
Checklist and narrative measures.
The
complexity of language used was related to evaluation in the clinical groups.
Conclusions:
Narrative is a good way of assessing linguistic ability in older children with
communication impairments.
Core
language abilities rather than pragmatic skill or diagnostic status are likely
to influence narrative development.
PMID:
12851080 [PubMed - in process]
* * *
Screening for ASD
In Adult Psychiatric Outpatients In Clinic In Taiwan
Chang HL, Juang
YY, Wang WT, Huang CI, Chen CY, Hwang YS. Department of Child Psychiatry, Chang
Gung Children Hospital, Republic of China, Kewi-Shan, Taiwan
Patients
with adult autism spectrum disorder (ASD) continue to suffer from impairment in
socialization and communication skills, and a proportion of them may develop
psychiatric symptoms.
It is thus
likely that physicians in adult psychiatric departments may see a number of
patients with ASD.
Identification of patients with ASD is helpful and important for rehabilitation.
This study
estimated the prevalence of ASD among adult psychiatric outpatients in a
Taiwanese medical center.
A total of
660 patients were screened with Nylander and Gillbergs Autism Spectrum
Disorder in Adult Screening Questionnaire. Patients with high scores then
underwent a diagnostic clinical interview conducted by child psychiatrists.
Four
patients (0.6%) were found to have ASD.
PMID:
12850661 [PubMed - in process]
* * *
Elevated Levels Of
Measles Antibodies In Children With Autism
Department of
Biology and Biotechnology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
Virus-induced autoimmunity may play a causal role in autism.
To examine
the etiologic link of viruses in this brain disorder, we conducted a serologic
study of measles virus, mumps virus, and rubella virus.
Viral
antibodies were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the serum of
autistic children, normal children, and siblings of autistic children.
The level of
measles antibody, but not mumps or rubella antibodies, was significantly higher
in autistic children as compared with normal children (P = 0.003) or siblings of
autistic children (P </= 0.0001).
Furthermore,
immunoblotting of measles vaccine virus revealed that the antibody was directed
against a protein of approximately 74 kd molecular weight.
The antibody
to this antigen was found in 83% of autistic children but not in normal children
or siblings of autistic children.
Thus
autistic children have a hyperimmune response to measles virus, which in the
absence of a wild type of measles infection might be a sign of an abnormal
immune reaction to the vaccine strain or virus reactivation.
Developmental
Neuropsychology Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Wivenhoe
Park, CO4 3SQ, Colchester, UK
Executive
skills are those involved in concept formation, problem solving, switching
tasks, inhibiting inappropriate responses, initiating rapid and fluent
responses, planning and sustained attention.
Different
patterns of disorder amongst these skills have been found in several
developmental abnormalities including autism, attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD) and Turners syndrome (TS).
This study
explored, for the first time, executive skills in children with Klinefelters
syndrome (KS), a sex chromosome abnormality in which there is one or more
additional X-chromosomes.
Intelligence
in KS is normal but there is academic underachievement.
A battery of
executive tasks was administered, in a series of case studies, to three
10-year-old boys with KS and to controls matched for age, sex and
intelligence.The results demonstrate that children with KS have impairments in
executive skills.
However, the
pattern of impairment is task-specific.
There is
evidence from multiple tasks of impairment in inhibitory skills, for each case
of KS.
In contrast,
concept formation, problem solving, task switching and speeded responding are
normal.
These
results support theories that argue for distinct sub-components of executive
skills within development that may develop relatively independently.
The results
have relevance for modelling both child and adult executive systems.
They also
confirm that an additional X-chromosome has highly selective effects upon the
consequent cognitive phenotype seen in development.
C.M. was
known to throw chairs and punches, screaming and clawing in violent outbursts
that left his classmates frightened and teachers exasperated.
The
16-year-olds tantrums were well-documented and lasted anywhere from several
minutes to two hours. Students in his classroom at Desert Ridge High School in
Mesa had to be evacuated during some of the episodes in which he hit, kicked and
poked others.
His
disability precluded Gilbert Unified School District administrators from normal
disciplinary procedures; the boys autism was to blame. School officials
suggested placing him in a more structured environment because of his dangerous
and disruptive behavior.
Where C.M.
goes to school this fall is uncertain, and his case demonstrates a controversy
centering on the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, or IDEA. District
officials are hoping to get a federal judge to uphold their decision to put him
in a private school at district expense while his parents, citing the IDEA, want
him to remain at Desert Ridge.
C.M.s
parents filed a petition with the U.S. Department of Education in May to keep
their child at Desert Ridge. (Both the boy and his parents are referred to by
their initials in court documents.) The hearing is scheduled for Aug. 15, a day
after class begins, and school officials fear the child is a danger. The law
says the boy will stay at the school until all appeals have been exhausted.
Its not the
first time a school has had difficulty with removing a violent, disabled student
from the classroom. Current tenets of IDEA mandate educators carry out a number
of steps before removal is an option, and parental consent is required at all
junctures.
Under IDEA,
exceptional students are guaranteed a free, public education in as normal an
environment as possible as long as the student is learning and progressing as
outlined in the individualized education plan. If not, the child may be
transferred to an environment where there would be individual instruction and
close supervision.
The IDEA
does not have a provision for special-education students who are harmed by their
classmates nor does it provide protection for staff.
Part of the
problem, says the chairwoman of the Council of School Attorneys, is that parents
believe school districts exaggerate the harm their children are creating in a
normal setting.
I think
they feel very strongly about inclusion - that their child ought to be included
no matter what, said Nancy Fredman Krent, an Illinois attorney specializing in
special education. But I think it does a great disservice both to that child
and to the other children in the classroom.
Cases such
as a 2002 U.S. District Court decision demonstrate the tendency of federal
judges to favor the safety of classmates over IDEA regulations, Krent said. In
that New Jersey case, the district court upheld a schools decision to place a
disruptive special education student in a different school despite the parents
desire. The case focused on an autistic child whose parents wanted him to remain
in an inclusion program at his home school despite transfer recommendations.
Revisions to
the IDEA that are before Congress could mean fewer such cases, observers say.
The House
recently passed a bill under which schools could not use IDEA funds to pay for
disabled students to attend private schools. Instead, those funds would be used
for supplemental educational services. The House bill also makes it easier to
remove violent students by slashing several steps in the process.
Gilbert
Unified lawyer Denise Lowell-Britt said she hopes Congress will approve more
district-friendly amendments.
Theres so
much about special education law that is unfair to the school systems, unfair to
the other students, Lowell-Britt said.
* * *
School Board Urged
to Cut Special-Ed Centers
Auditor Cites
Savings, but School Officials Are Skeptical of Conclusions
An
independent auditor recommended last week that the Fairfax County School Board
close more than a dozen special education centers over the next decade and
drastically reduce the number of students referred into special education.
To do so
could mean a savings of more than a half-billion dollars in the next 12 years,
consultant Greg Gibson told the board. He said the district spends between
$12,700 and $38,700 per special education pupil -- 82 percent more than the cost
of teaching a general education student.
Were not
saying dont serve these kids, Gibson said. Were trying to say find another
way.
The School
Board hired the Texas-based Gibson Consulting Group Inc. to evaluate the
efficiency and effectiveness of the regions largest school district. Yesterday,
Gibson, the company president, presented the first of several cost-cutting
recommendations.
The report
on special education asks the board to close two special education centers every
other year, ultimately leaving five or six open. Fairfax County now operates 21
centers, 15 of which serve emotionally disturbed children.
After
hearing Gibsons hour-long presentation, Superintendent Daniel A. Domenech said
the school system has been modifying programs, and he cited the closure of a
special education center in Franconia. But, he said, we are aware of the
demanding public that we serve. We have a litigious community.
Some parents
of special education students long have complained that the district seeks too
readily to classify their children as emotionally disturbed or having special
needs. They often accuse the district of doing so to isolate their children from
others in the high-performing school district and to avoid lowering mainstream
scores on important standardized tests. Lawsuits, too, remain common among
families who say schools could be doing more to help their children
individually.
Just over 14
percent of Fairfax students are in special education, but 22.6 percent of school
employees work in special education, Gibson said. He called for more training of
regular teachers and a more inclusive approach toward students who need
additional help. Inclusion, which is already practiced in some classrooms in
the county, brings resources into a mainstream classroom for special-needs
children instead of sending the children out.
A high rate
of referrals happens because regular teachers run into an issue they cannot
resolve with their own resources, he said.
His
presentation was met with much scrutiny and skepticism from both board members
and school administrators.
You get
what you pay for, Sanford Robeck, principal of the Chantilly Center, said in an
interview. Its always been that the parents wanted more. They want the best
for their child.
The report
questioned the centers effectiveness, saying that they are not necessarily the
least restrictive environment for learning and are not strictly accountable
for students performance.
That may
have been so years ago, Robeck said, but he said the federal No Child Left
Behind Act now requires special education students to show progress, too. They
are not exempt from testing, he said, adding that the centers are a
cost-effective alternative to obliging the district to pay private school
tuition for special-needs children.
The Fairfax
County Federation of Teachers for years has accused the School Board of spending
too much on remediation and special education. Im ecstatic and feel
vindicated, President Judy Johnson said. Every time I go to the powers that be
to ask for more money, they say they have none. This report found half a billion
of waste.
Domenech
said his staff needs to study the report before determining whether action will
be taken.
It struck me
as ironic when I read the concerned response from the BioPort anthrax vaccine
manufacturer about how anthrax was called out as the cause of 22 year old
Rachel Lacys death.
There were
five immunizations given at the same time, BioPort spokeswoman Kim Root
said.To call one or two of them out would be the thing that concerns us.
New moms are
being beseiged with news touting the new 5 in 1 Pediarix for babies as the next
greatest thing. The industry openly notes it was created to make room for more
vaccines in the schedule and to increase vaccine compliance. What they forgot
to mention---that Kim Root of BioPort appears to inadvertently share with
us---is that they expect full immunity for themselves too-- from liability.
- Amber
Mintz, Reading PA
* * *
Gastrointestinal
Problems In Kids With Autism
The July 10,
2003 issue of the Schafer Autism Report had both an abstract and parent letter
on the gastrointestinal problems seen in children with autism [Ask: What Caused
That?, from Terri Small]. If the abstract is correct, at least 24% of our kids
are suffering. And the author of the letter is right: As a parent, you suspect
that the GI issues are either causing or exacerbating behavior problems, lack of
attention, anxiety and a host of other symptoms we chalk up to part of our
day-to-day battle with autism. For what its worth and in case it helps someone
else, here are the nauseating details of our story:
In our case
it was chronic constipation. When he was 4-and-a-half, our HFA son, Brian, just
stopped moving his bowels. If you think this is impossible, let me assure you
that, for what ever reason, in some children with autism its not. Despite many
trips to pediatricians and specialists through the years, there seemed to be
nothing we could do about it. Laxatives, Enulose, mineral oil, liters of
mixtures that my son could not tolerate taking. We either couldnt get it down
him or if we could, it didnt do any good. By around six, he began to leak,
meaning he had lost muscle control and had become bowel incontinent. He smelled
and had to wear a pull-up at all times.
The very
intelligent letter from Teri Small prompts me to share the following notes that
I took down recently during a lecture given by William Walsh, PhD of the
Pfeiffer Treatment Center (
http://www.hriptc.org/ ).
Ill add no
comments (the notes are long enough in their own right), other than to say my
son, now 18, started Pfeiffers protocol two years ago.
Possibly
because of his age, the outward results have been minimal at best.
Lab tests do
show a biochemical improvement. Even in the absence of results, I believe these
people are onto something, and that this is precisely the sort of work that
professionals need to be doing on behalf of our kids. (See
http://www.latitudes.org/autism_articles.htm )
In 1968 Dr.
Walsh was working in nuclear physics. He became interested in crime prevention
as a community service (various do-gooder activities such as setting up
educational programs and other services for convicts in prison, and helping them
get a fresh start in life after release). He was surprised to discover that many
convicted felons had ideal families, and began to think their crimes could not
be the result of poor upbringing.
Some mothers
of convicts told him theyd seen something wrong with their children as early as
six weeks of age (children who resisted being helped and who when they got older
would torture pets, could not be disciplined, etc.). These kids continued to
have problems when they went to school, and of course the school blamed the
parents. Sometimes powerful medications such as thorazine were tried, without
any benefit. Ditto behavior modification. A parent of a criminal is often a
parent with a broken heart.
DISCLAIMER:
All information, data, and material contained, presented, or provided here
is for general information purposes only and is not to be construed as
reflecting the knowledge or opinions of the publisher, and is not to be
construed or intended as providing medical or legal advice. The decision
whether or not to vaccinate is an important and complex issue and should
be made by you, and you alone, in consultation with your health care
provider.
"A foolish faith in authority is the worst enemy of truth."
-- Albert Einstein, letter to a friend, 1901
"I know of no safe depository of the ultimate powers of the society but the people themselves, and if we think them not enlightened enough to exercise control with a wholesome discretion, the remedy is not to take it from them, but to inform their discretion by education."
-- Thomas Jefferson, letter to William C. Jarvis, September 28, 1820
"What's the point of vaccination if it doesn't protect you from the unvaccinated?"
-- Sandy Gottstein
"Who gets to decide what the greater good is and how many will be sacrificed to it?"