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 Collections under
which this article appears: Other
Infectious Diseases Other
Public Health Children
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Catherine M Hill
a University Child Health, Mail point 803, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, b Market Street Health Centre, London SE18 6QR, c Health Care Research Unit, University of Southampton
Correspondence to C M Hill cmh2@soton.ac.uk
Children under the care of a local authority by voluntary agreement or by order of a court often have poor physical and mental health.1 On 31 March 2001, 75 601 children in England, Scotland, and Wales were looked after by local authorities. In 1998, the government invested £885m in social services through the Quality Protects programme2 (Children First in Wales) to improve public care. Compliance with immunisation schedules is an important health performance indicator of these programmes, although lack of immunisation may reflect neglect before, rather than after, a child enters public care. The national meningococcal C vaccine campaign3 in 1999 provided a unique opportunity to measure immunisation uptake in public care, unbiased by historical health neglect. We compared immunisation rates in children looked after by local authorities with that in children at home.
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Participants, methods, and results |
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Nine health districts participated in the study: Southampton; Greenwich; Basildon; Shropshire, Telford, and Wrekin; Stoke-on Trent; South Tyneside; Calderdale and Huddersfield; Edinburgh; and Cardiff and the Vale of Glamorgan. These were selected because they were the districts of members of a national advisory group. We ascertained the meningococcal C immunisation status of all children on 31 March 2001 from district immunisation databases. We collected data using standardised forms by age (0-4, 5-9, 10-15, 16-18 years) and immunisation category (immunised, not immunised, or unknown). Babies under 2 months were classified as appropriately immunised. We identified children looked after by local authorities from social services records and subtracted the number from the total population by age category to determine the number of children at home. Immunisation status was unknown for 6.5% of children in public care. We excluded missing data from the denominator to calculate unbiased vaccination failure rates. Data were analysed using SAS software (version 8).
Overall, 995/3028 (33%) of children in public care did not receive
meningococcal C vaccine compared with 72 841/501 516 (15%) of
children at home. Uptake decreased with age in both groups. Children
in public care were less likely to be vaccinated than those at home
unless they were under 5 years of age in districts C, D, and E or
aged 5-9 in district G (table). Retrieving data was difficult in all
but one district, which had electronic records of looked after
children. No district had a joint health and social services
database.
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Overall, children looked after by local authorities were more than twice as likely to not receive meningococcal C vaccine than children at home (risk ratio 2.17 adjusting for age and district, 95% confidence interval 2.06 to 2.28, Mantel-Haenszel method). Because universal childhood meningococcal C vaccination was introduced recently, we were able to study the effectiveness of public care without bias from historical health neglect. Although sampling was opportunistic, our findings are likely to be generalisable as immunisation indices for children in public care in the districts surveyed all fell within one standard deviation of the national mean.4
We did not examine the reasons for failure to immunise. However, during 2001, 16% of children in public care moved placement more than three times.4 This instability creates potent risk factors, including missed school based immunisation and discontinuity of primary care. The reversed risk ratio for young children in some districts may reflect greater stability in their placements, primary care organisation of the preschool campaign, or targeting of vulnerable children by health visitors.5
We suggest two ways forward. Firstly, health services should be made
accountable for immunisation uptake as well as social services.
Secondly, effective shared information systems between health and
social services need to be introduced. Together these measures would
better protect our most vulnerable children from disease.
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Acknowledgments |
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We thank Kath Burton, Sue Daniel, Anne Grant, Karen Lehner, Helen Palmer, Carolyn Sampeys, and Peter Soe-Wynn from the medical group of the British agencies of adoption and fostering for help with collecting data.
Contributors: MM and CMH conceived the project and coauthored the paper. CMH organised the data collection. JG analysed and presented the data. All authors approved the final manuscript. CMH is the guarantor.
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Footnotes |
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Funding: None.
Competing interests: None declared.
Full data for the table are available on bmj.com
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References |
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Top Participants,
methods, and... Comment References
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| 1. | House of Commons Health Committee. Children looked after by the local authority. London: Stationery Office, 1998. |
| 2. | Department of Health. Quality protects programme. www.doh.gov.uk/qualityprotects/index.htm (accessed 10 May 2002). |
| 3. | Department of Health. Start of the new meningococcal C conjugate vaccine immunisation programme. London: DoH, 1999. (PL/CMO/99/4.) |
| 4. | Department of Health. Outcome indicators for looked after children, 12 months to 30 September 2001, England. www.doh.gov.uk/public/oi2001.htm (accessed 18 December 2002). |
| 5. | Department of Health. Making a difference. Strengthening the nursing, midwifery and health visiting contribution to health and healthcare. London: DoH, 1999. |
(Accepted 16 October 2002)
© 2003 BMJ
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Collections under
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